[MPWG] ginseng poaching program
Colin M Donohue
colin at nnfp.org
Wed Jan 15 13:16:13 CST 2014
I wonder if Eric Jones is on this list, these days. These issues of
WHO is involved in NTFP harvest, what their motivations are, how they
operate, etc. is basically
a call for social science research (anthropology probably as much as
anything else).
I agree that it's important to understand the motivations etc.
To some degree there are predictable "drivers", also. If we can assume
that money is some motivation, and the risk of getting caught stealing
or digging out of season was greater than the reward, we could jigger
the levers from an economic perspective.
There are as many motivations and mindsets as there are people. We can
map out patterns, or drill deeper into perspectives/motivations with
ethnography and other social science tools.
I don't think that discounts looking at the "coarse grain" elements of
the system such as financial motivation/ "cost/benefit" for folks in the
system. The diggers may have "nothing to lose" as individuals. The
buyers typically have more to lose. That may be an element in this.
No "solution" just reflections...
On 1/15/2014 2:09 PM, MoonBranch Botanicals wrote:
>
> Hello Ed, I didn't get your reply until late last night as I was out
> re-engineering for the third or fourth night now a support for a tarp
> cover over an outside workspace. Looks like after today's work is done
> it will be night five, which will be interesting considering the
> weather forecast!
>
> At any rate, I had written a response that I had saved as a draft
> rather than sending because I wanted to review it with renewed mental
> clarity before I did so. I am glad that I did.
>
> So, on to the task at hand. You know, sometimes when working on a
> project like that tarp outside I often use a set of tools for the
> work. I have all kinds of tools (some of which I couldn't begin to
> find even) and seem to have a certain set that I regularly rely on.
> Those are kept handily in a tool box. I have used that same set over
> and over for so long that occasionally come up against a problem that
> I don't seem to have the proper tool to handle and wind up thinking to
> myself "If I only had a tool for that!". Thing is, months later I'll
> be cleaning or searching for something else and stumble upon that very
> tool I had needed before but didn't even realize that I had because I
> had never used it.
>
> I use this tool example to illustrate what I believe to be a stumbling
> block at times for us humans. Oftentimes I see that we use the same
> "tools", be they a process, a system, a methodology or even just a way
> of thinking for so long that we forget all the other "tools" at our
> disposal. We truly must be "creatures of habit".
>
> Sometimes I find that in order to look at things objectively and
> clearly, one may have to step outside the boundaries of that which
> they believe to be "real". In terms of solutions regarding the ginseng
> poaching dilemma, I suspect there are as many solutions as there are
> stars in the night sky. Trouble is, as with the tool example, we will
> never find them if we don't look. And, we will never look if we do not
> believe that they are there.
>
> Thinking back to my response to you from last night that I had saved
> as a draft and when I contrast it with the current response I realize
> that, in terms of their nature, I have gone from non-specific to
> vague. There is a reason.
>
> When analyzing the parameters of any project, task at hand or issue
> and assessing what "tools" are needed to do the job, it may first be
> wise to understand exactly what "went wrong" with or became broken in
> that which needs fixing. That said, I believe that a wise place to
> "start" might be at the beginning.
>
> Keeping that in mind I find myself returning to the question of
> "why?". Why do people poach ginseng? Are they just bad people? Are
> they common thieves? Are they deranged in-bred white trash rednecks
> hell bent on wiping out a species? What? You tell me...... Do you
> know? Does anybody know? If so I would love an answer there. And, if
> we find, as I suspect, that no one really knows, then don't you think
> it wise that we find out? In the process, I also suspect that we'll
> discover about ourselves if we /really want to save a species from
> peril or conversely, do we really just want to go through a known,
> comfortable and expected process./
>
> //
>
> So with that I will end at a beginning. In searching for a "why" I
> would ask each of you to consider the following. I have heard it said
> many times that in order to love, one must first love oneself. With
> that in mind is it really logical to assume that one species which
> shows little respect, love or compassion for its own be expected to
> show the same for another species?
>
> Can someone please speak to this?
>
> - Robin
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Edward Fletcher
> Sent: Jan 14, 2014 10:30 PM
> To: 'MoonBranch Botanicals' , 'Roy Upton'
> Cc: mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org, 'Ikhlas Khan' , 'Stefan
> Gafner' , 'Mark Blumenthal'
> Subject: RE: [MPWG] ginseng poaching program
>
> RE: [MPWG] ginseng poaching program
> */Robin,/*
> *//*
> */Glad you decided to chime in. /*
> *//*
> */Points well taken and realized/considered./*
> *//*
> */Now what are your solutions?/*
> */
> Genuinely,
> Edward J. Fletcher
> Strategic Sourcing, Inc.
> Botanical Division, C.O.O.
> 828.898.7642
> Fax.898.7647
> Efletcher at StrategicSourcingInc.net
> <mailto:Efletcher at StrategicSourcingInc.net>
> www.StrategicSourcingInc.net <http://www.StrategicSourcingInc.net>
> /*
>
> -----Original Message-----
> *From:* "MoonBranch Botanicals" <moonbranch at earthlink.net>
> *Sent:* 1/14/2014 8:35 PM
> *To:* "Roy Upton" <herbal at got.net>; "Edward Fletcher"
> <efletcher at StrategicSourcingInc.net>
> *Cc:* "mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org"
> <mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org>; "Ikhlas Khan"
> <ikhan at olemiss.edu>; "Stefan Gafner" <stefan at herbalgram.org>;
> "Mark Blumenthal" <Mark at herbalgram.org>
> *Subject:* Re: [MPWG] ginseng poaching program
>
>
>
> Okay, so I have to ask, are laws, permits and the authority to
> levy fines all representative of the best way to protect this
> resource? If the laws in place worked as intended, there
> should be more ginseng in the woods now than when the laws
> were enacted, correct? Is ginseng more plentiful now? Are the
> forests in better shape? From what IâEUR^(TM)m seeing and
> hearing the answer is âEURoeNoâEUR?.
>
> A saying widely attributed to Einstein reads âEURoeInsanity:
> doing the same thing over and over again and expecting
> different resultsâEUR?seems pretty appropriate to me! In my
> view prohibitions and negative reinforcements seldom result in
> the results intended. In fact history not only validates this
> but also points to the fact that the unintended consequences
> can be far worse than the original problem that the law was
> designed to solve.
>
> Look, we humans just ainâEUR^(TM)t all that smart. There are
> far too many variables in this equation to adequately address
> this issue with some kind of centrally planned regulatory
> framework. I have yet to hear anyone pose the question
> pertaining to âEURoeWhyâEUR? this poaching (if we call it
> that) occurs to begin with. DonâEUR^(TM)t you all think that
> would be a good place to start? Obviously the approach
> weâEUR^(TM)ve used is not working, are we really that afraid
> to envision a different solution? If so, we have bigger
> troubles than ginseng theft on our hands!
>
> Already we live in the most heavily regulated and litigation
> oriented society that the planet has ever seen. Has crime
> disappeared yet? I didnâEUR^(TM)t think soâEUR¦âEUR¦.
>
> According to an article in the Wall Street Journal a few years
> back,
> (http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704471504574438900830760842)
> Boston civil-liberties lawyer Harvey Silverglate in his book
> "Three Felonies a Day," refers to the number of crimes he
> estimates the average American now unwittingly commits. As
> ignorance is no excuse in breaking the law, and courts are no
> longer requiring proof of intent, these coupled with the
> growing militarization of law enforcement in the US,
> especially in rural areas, makes for a dangerous threat to our
> Constitution and Bill of Rights.
>
> As this is being written, throughout the nationâEUR^(TM)s
> parklands and forests, the documented widespread use of
> surveillance equipment has eroded Fourth Amendment provisions
> for the personal privacy of those simply trying to enjoy the
> outdoors. Before we think about any new law, regulation or
> policy, we must consider the bleak dystopia so vividly
> presented by Orwell and ask: âEURoeIs this the world in which
> I want to liveâEUR?? Plainly it is not the world our founders
> envisioned for this country!
>
>
> - Robin
>
> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Roy Upton
> Sent: Jan 14, 2014 6:54 PM
> To: Edward Fletcher
> Cc: mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org, 'Ikhlas Khan' ,
> 'Stefan Gafner' , 'Mark Blumenthal'
> Subject: Re: [MPWG] ginseng poaching program
>
> Then it sounds relatively easy to enforce. Fine for all
> illegally sourced root and that will discourage the
> practice. Unfortunately, it would likely require whistle
> blowing to the county or state. I would not want to do it;
> the consequences for individuals and families is pretty
> big; so not sure how one goes about addressing such things
> without third-party enforcement for the State itself.
>
> Roy
>
>
> On Jan 14, 2014, at 3:47 PM, Edward Fletcher wrote:
>
>> */Hello Roy,/*
>> *//*
>> */Documenting by the dealers is a little different in
>> each state, but at the least the dealer has to document
>> from whom they buy the ginseng from, the date of
>> purchase, the condition dry or fresh, the weight, the
>> state and county where it was harvested. In North
>> Carolina we have to also see their Drivers License and
>> write their number down along with their address and ask
>> for a phone number. So there is a very well documented
>> paper trail for all purchases./*
>> *//*
>> */I agree there are rules in place and these need to be
>> enforced & punished on the law breakers so those who
>> harvest legally are not unduly punished. /*
>> */
>> Genuinely,
>> Edward J. Fletcher
>> Strategic Sourcing, Inc.
>> Botanical Division, C.O.O.
>> 828.898.7642
>> Fax.898.7647
>> Efletcher at StrategicSourcingInc.net
>> <mailto:Efletcher at StrategicSourcingInc.net>
>> www.StrategicSourcingInc.net
>> <http://www.StrategicSourcingInc.net/>
>> /*
>>
>> -----Original Message-----
>> *From:* "herbal at got.net <mailto:herbal at got.net>"
>> <herbal at got.net <mailto:herbal at got.net>>
>> *Sent:* 1/12/2014 9:36 PM
>> *To:* "Edward Fletcher"
>> <efletcher at StrategicSourcingInc.net
>> <mailto:efletcher at StrategicSourcingInc.net>>
>> *Cc:* "Jeanine Davis" <jeanine_davis at ncsu.edu
>> <mailto:jeanine_davis at ncsu.edu>>; "Ikhlas Khan"
>> <ikhan at olemiss.edu <mailto:ikhan at olemiss.edu>>; "Mark
>> Blumenthal" <Mark at herbalgram.org
>> <mailto:Mark at herbalgram.org>>; "Stefan Gafner"
>> <stefan at herbalgram.org
>> <mailto:stefan at herbalgram.org>>;
>> "mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org
>> <mailto:mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org>"
>> <mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org
>> <mailto:mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org>>
>> *Subject:* RE: [MPWG] ginseng poaching program
>>
>>
>> Hi All,
>>
>> Just thought I would add a few thoughts. As a number
>> of folks have
>> said, this film captures only a part of the
>> wildcrafting story.
>> Unfortunately,I do think it reflects a real part of
>> the wildcrafting
>> community, albeit not the whole wildcrafting
>> community. The fact that
>> the few gents shown represent a big part of the total
>> tonnage of Amer
>> ginseng that is collected is something worthy of
>> acknowledging. That
>> individual wildcrafters, such as the gent poaching on
>> federal lands
>> and the others on private property are trying to put
>> food on their
>> table and simply not caring about the environment or
>> propriety of
>> doing it in a sustainable way. The brokers and
>> dealers also reflect a
>> desire to "get every bit of it that is out there",
>> put competitors out
>> of business, and simply get their piece of the pie
>> with no
>> consciousness or caring. Cape cod fishermen are the
>> same; they
>> basically say they want to get what they can while
>> they can and that
>> is about it. This puts those wanting to do it the
>> right way at a
>> disadvantage, artificially drives costs up or down,
>> and undermines
>> efforts to promote a consciousness of sustainability.
>> To me, for
>> threatened species there should be a paper trail
>> required for all
>> those brokers, how much they got from who,e and
>> document that all
>> material harvested was done legally. The "disabled"
>> guy clearly should
>> be penalized just with the evidence this documentary
>> provides; that he
>> is probably collecting some type of disability while
>> he has the
>> ability to trek all over the Appalacians and his
>> clear knowledge that
>> he is doing it illegally. Unfortunately, all the
>> education in the
>> world will not stop folks like him from getting what
>> they can, when
>> they can, and however they can and threaten the
>> entire tradition of
>> wildcrafting. The only solution is to go after those
>> types with
>> penalties and also focus on the brokers of illegally
>> obtained
>> material. I expect documenting sources either is not
>> part of the
>> ginseng requirements for brokers or it is simply not
>> enforced.
>>
>> I am looking forward to the second segment, more
>> hoping that the gent
>> will be caught (never thought I would say something
>> like that about a
>> wildcrafter) and that there would be something good
>> would come by
>> deterring inappropriate non-sustainable practices.
>>
>> Roy
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Sun Jan 12 18:12:13 2014, Edward Fletcher
>> <efletcher at StrategicSourcingInc.net
>> <mailto:efletcher at StrategicSourcingInc.net>> wrote:
>>
>> > This show sensationalizes the fringe element of the
>> ginseng industry, NOT
>> > the true 'wild crafters' and long heritage of one
>> of our American botanical
>> > treasures. But then why would 'they' want to make a
>> show that depicts lawful
>> > and ethical people who are just trying to put shoes
>> on their children's feet
>> > and food on the table....
>> >
>> > Just as Russ, I was shocked that they showed Actaea
>> pachypoda and called it
>> > 'black cohosh'. This shows just how deep and
>> thorough they researched their
>> > subject matter before filming! How can we make them
>> retract and/or correct
>> > this possibly dangerous flagrant inaccuracy.
>> >
>> > Genuinely,
>> > Edward J. Fletcher
>> > Strategic Sourcing, Inc.
>> > Botanical Division, C.O.O.
>> > 828.898.7642
>> > Fax.898.7647
>> > Efletcher at StrategicSourcingInc.net
>> <mailto:Efletcher at StrategicSourcingInc.net>
>> > www.StrategicSourcingInc.net
>> <http://www.StrategicSourcingInc.net/>
>> >
>> >
>> > -----Original Message-----
>> > From: "MPWG"
>> <mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org
>> <mailto:mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org>>
>> > Sent: 1/10/2014 4:47 PM
>> > To: "Jeanine Davis" <Jeanine_Davis at ncsu.edu
>> <mailto:Jeanine_Davis at ncsu.edu>>
>> > Cc: "Ikhlas Khan" <ikhan at olemiss.edu
>> <mailto:ikhan at olemiss.edu>>; "Mark Blumenthal"
>> > <Mark at herbalgram.org <mailto:Mark at herbalgram.org>>;
>> "Stefan Gafner" <stefan at herbalgram.org
>> <mailto:stefan at herbalgram.org>>;
>> > "MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org
>> <mailto:MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org>"
>> <MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org
>> <mailto:MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org>>
>> > Subject: Re: [MPWG] ginseng poaching program
>> >
>> >
>> >
>> > Very sobering. Like the fishermen in Cape Cod. No
>> regard for the future, for
>> > the land, or for anything other than an instant
>> buck. Very sad.--Roy
>> >
>> >
>> > On Jan 10, 2014, at 7:59 AM, Jeanine Davis wrote:
>> >
>> >
>> >
>> > This is all so frustrating. And it is discouraging
>> forest landowners from
>> > planting wild-simulated ginseng because they are
>> afraid with all this
>> > publicity it is in even greater danger of being
>> poached. Jeanine
>> >
>> > Jeanine M. Davis, Ph.D.
>> > Associate Professor and Extension Specialist
>> > Dept. of Horticultural Science, NC State University
>> > Email: Jeanine_Davis at ncsu.edu
>> <mailto:Jeanine_Davis at ncsu.edu>
>> <x-msg://157/Jeanine_Davis@ncsu.edu%20>
>> > Websites: http://ncherb.org <http://ncherb.org/>
>> <http://ncherb.org/>
>> > http://ncspecialtycrops.org
>> <http://ncspecialtycrops.org/>
>> <http://ncspecialtycrops.org/>
>> > http://ncorganic.org <http://ncorganic.org/>
>> <http://ncorganic.org/>
>> > Blog:
>> http://ncalternativecropsandorganics.blogspot.com
>> <http://ncalternativecropsandorganics.blogspot.com/>
>> > <http://ncalternativecropsandorganics.blogspot.com/>
>> > Twitter: http://twitter.com/JeanineNCSU
>> > Facebook:
>> <http://www.facebook.com/people/Jeanine-Davis/1442912228>
>> > http://www.facebook.com/people/Jeanine-Davis/1442912228
>> > Address: Mtn. Hort. Crops Research & Extension Center
>> > 455 Research Drive, Mills River, NC 28759
>> > Phone: 828-684-3562 FAX: 828-684-8715
>> >
>> > From: MPWG
>> [mailto:mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org] On
>> Behalf Of
>> > Susan Leopold
>> > Sent: Friday, January 10, 2014 10:47 AM
>> > To: ForestRuss at aol.com <mailto:ForestRuss at aol.com>
>> > Cc: MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org
>> <mailto:MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org>
>> > Subject: Re: [MPWG] ginseng poaching program
>> >
>> > Thank you Russ for pointing out the information of
>> wrong identification,
>> > which sets the stage for the show and possibly more
>> of its kind in the
>> > works. I personally think it is horrific to have a
>> ginseng show that
>> > glorifies poaching and all the illegal activity
>> that took place in this show
>> > to continue with no consequences. If is was a show
>> about poaching a
>> > protected animal I wonder how the public would react?
>> >
>> > I think this quote from the main ginseng dealers
>> sums up how plants are
>> > perceived.. see quote and link below.
>> >
>> > UpS has released a formal press release warning the
>> History Channel about
>> > the dangers of promoting poaching of a threatened
>> species...
>> >
>> > "its a protected species, but I don't know why.
>> Its a plant'
>> >
>> http://www.register-herald.com/local/x1956140531/New-reality-show-focuses-on
>> > -state-ginseng-business
>> >
>> http://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2013/12/25/new-reality-show-focuses-on-west-v
>> > irginia-ginseng-business/
>> >
>> > On Jan 10, 2014, at 10:19 AM, ForestRuss at aol.com
>> <mailto:ForestRuss at aol.com> wrote:
>> >
>> >
>> > MPWG:
>> >
>> > A new program had its debut on History Channel
>> yesterday 01/09/14 called
>> > "Appalachian Outlaws.
>> >
>> > The program appears to be more about the being a
>> ginseng poacher than almost
>> > anything else and I am uncertain how it could
>> impact ginseng
>> > growers...beyond making theft a thrill game.
>> >
>> > One concern I have as a long time grower of black
>> Cohosh in a forest setting
>> > is that one of the poachers already has identified
>> "dolls eye", Actaea
>> > pachypoda, as black Cohosh, a very incorrect ID.
>> They made a point of
>> > showing the fruit and the foliage.
>> >
>> > As a grower of the medicinal black Cohosh plant I
>> think that in 2014 black
>> > Cohosh root buyers might have to be more vigilant
>> in vetting their purchases
>> > to make sure they aren't getting poison.
>> >
>> > I would appreciate other peoples' thoughts or
>> comments on the program
>> >
>> > Sincerely,
>> >
>> > Russ Richardson, Certified Forester
>> >
>> >
>> > _______________________________________________
>> > PCA's Medicinal Plant Working Group mailing list
>> > MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org
>> <mailto:MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org>
>> >
>> http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/mpwg_lists.plantconserva
>> > tion.org <http://tion.org>
>> >
>> > To unsubscribe, send an e-mail to
>> MPWG-request at lists.plantconservation.org
>> <mailto:MPWG-request at lists.plantconservation.org>
>> > with the word "unsubscribe" in the subject line.
>> >
>> > Disclaimer
>> > Any advice given on this list regarding diagnosis
>> or treatments etc.
>> > reflects ONLY the opinion of the individual who
>> posts the message. The
>> > information contained in posts is not intended nor
>> implied to be a
>> > substitute for professional medical advice relative
>> to your specific medical
>> > condition or question. All medical and other
>> healthcare information that is
>> > discussed on this list should be carefully reviewed
>> by the individual reader
>> > and their qualified healthcare professional. Posts
>> do not reflect any
>> > official opinions or positions of the Plant
>> Conservation Alliance.
>> >
>> >
>> >
>> > _______________________________________________
>> > PCA's Medicinal Plant Working Group mailing list
>> > MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org
>> <mailto:MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org>
>> >
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>> > tion.org <http://tion.org>
>> >
>> > To unsubscribe, send an e-mail to
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>> > with the word "unsubscribe" in the subject line.
>> >
>> > Disclaimer
>> > Any advice given on this list regarding diagnosis
>> or treatments etc.
>> > reflects ONLY the opinion of the individual who
>> posts the message. The
>> > information contained in posts is not intended nor
>> implied to be a
>> > substitute for professional medical advice relative
>> to your specific medical
>> > condition or question. All medical and other
>> healthcare information that is
>> > discussed on this list should be carefully reviewed
>> by the individual reader
>> > and their qualified healthcare professional. Posts
>> do not reflect any
>> > official opinions or positions of the Plant
>> Conservation Alliance.
>> >
>> >
>> >
>> >
>>
>
> âEURoeMalo periculosam, libertatem quam quietam servitutem.âEUR?
>
> Robin Alton Suggs
> MoonBranch Botanicals
> 5294 Yellow Creek Road
> Robbinsville, North Carolina 28771
> USA
>
> Telephone: 828.479.2788
> Email: moonbranch at earthlink.net
> Websites:
> www.moonbranch.com <http://www.moonbranch.com> &www.localharvest.org/store/M16074 <http://www.localharvest.org/store/M16074>
>
> Member:
> Appalachian Sustainable Agriculture Project; Farm Partner
> Green Products Alliance
> North Carolina Consortium on Natural Medicines
> North Carolina Goodness Grows/NCDA&CS
> United Plant Savers
>
> One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.
> - Dr.Martin Luther King Jr.
>
> Civil disobedience becomes a sacred duty when the state becomes lawless or corrupt.
> - Mahatma Gandhi
>
> Disobedience is the true foundation of liberty. The obedient must be slaves.
> - Henry David Thoreau
>
> It does not require a majority to prevail, but rather an irate, tireless minority keen to set brush fires in peopleâEUR^(TM)s minds.
> - Samuel Adams
>
>
>
>
>
>
> "Malo periculosam, libertatem quam quietam servitutem."
>
> Robin Alton Suggs
> MoonBranch Botanicals
> 5294 Yellow Creek Road
> Robbinsville, North Carolina 28771
> USA
>
> Telephone: 828.479.2788
> Email: moonbranch at earthlink.net
> Websites:
> www.moonbranch.com & www.localharvest.org/store/M16074
>
> Member:
> Appalachian Sustainable Agriculture Project; Farm Partner
> Green Products Alliance
> North Carolina Consortium on Natural Medicines
> North Carolina Goodness Grows/NCDA&CS
> United Plant Savers
>
> One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.
> - Dr.Martin Luther King Jr.
>
> Civil disobedience becomes a sacred duty when the state becomes lawless or corrupt.
> - Mahatma Gandhi
>
> Disobedience is the true foundation of liberty. The obedient must be slaves.
> - Henry David Thoreau
>
> It does not require a majority to prevail, but rather an irate, tireless minority keen to set brush fires in people's minds.
> - Samuel Adams
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> PCA's Medicinal Plant Working Group mailing list
> MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org
> http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/mpwg_lists.plantconservation.org
>
> To unsubscribe, send an e-mail to MPWG-request at lists.plantconservation.org with the word "unsubscribe" in the subject line.
>
> Disclaimer
> Any advice given on this list regarding diagnosis or treatments etc. reflects ONLY the opinion of the individual who posts the message. The information contained in posts is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice relative to your specific medical condition or question. All medical and other healthcare information that is discussed on this list should be carefully reviewed by the individual reader and their qualified healthcare professional. Posts do not reflect any official opinions or positions of the Plant Conservation Alliance.
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