[APWG] Fw: Ecosystem restoration and alien species eradication Re:Performance standards to get weed-free and 100% native
Wayne Tyson
landrest at cox.net
Fri Aug 14 23:11:52 CDT 2009
Anita and Forum:
It may be that some aliens are here to stay, but their effects can probably be minimized by ceasing disturbance and letting the land return as closely as possible to its full carrying capacity. A lot of primeval forest was cut and cleared in Pennsylvania before the Revolutionary War, and used and abused since. Anyone who can help return it to a semblance of its original/potential self-sufficient state is doing the world a favor as well as themselves. It might be another 200 years or so before the Sylvania recovers as well as it can, but that's better than to just keep farming 'till it's all gone. When the forest reaches something like its original state, a lot of the shade-intolerant invasives will be much reduced, and in between now and then they should reach a point where they will be in decline.
Your point about seed vectors like wind and birds (and other animals, including Homo sapiens and his/her equipment) is well taken. The more you can kill, the better, unless the replacement rate is higher than the rate of reduction, but in any case you will be decreasing the seed bank and minimizing the transport of seeds to other areas.
WT
----- Original Message -----
From: Anita Bower
To: apwg at lists.plantconservation.org
Sent: Friday, August 14, 2009 5:43 AM
Subject: [APWG] Fw: Ecosystem restoration and alien species eradication Re:Performance standards to get weed-free and 100% native
Caveat: I write as a layperson/amateur in the field of restoration.
A well-coordinated erradication and restoration seems ideal. However, some of us may happen to own a few acres (15 in my case) and want to increase natives and decrease aliens, but do not have the interest, resources, time, energy, knowledge to completely restore the property. I am impressed with what you are doing, but, do not intend to do the same.
In addition to the limitations expressed above. eradication of aliens is almost impossible here in southeast Pennsylvania. Vines, such as japanese honeysuckle and mile-a-minute are very difficult to erradicate, as are multiflora rose and autumn olive.
And, if eradicated, they come back, brought in on the wind or wing from neighboring properties.
Anita Bower
West Nottingham, PA
----- Forwarded Message ----
From: Wayne Tyson <landrest at cox.net>
To: apwg at lists.plantconservation.org
Sent: Friday, August 14, 2009 1:45:41 AM
Subject: [APWG] Ecosystem restoration and alien species eradication Re: Performance standards to get weed-free and 100% native
Craig and all:
It appears that other subscribers aren't interested in this topic, but I think we should continue it anyway, in the hopes that a few will get interested, or that it will stimulate "lurkers" to think about it. While I'm greatly looking forward to a possible visit to your project and discussing the particulars with you in depth, I suggest that we owe it to the subscribers of this list to iron out the issues that each of us has raised one at a time. I'll be interested in your ideas about this and those of any who care to join in.
Let's again revisit the issue of the importance of well-coordinated restoration with eradication programs. You and I agree on this, I believe, but perhaps there are others on the list who think that restoration is unnecessary or irrelevant.
I hope that all who may not agree will post their ideas on this particular subject and that the discussion sticks to this one subject before moving on to digressions. I am very interested in where subscribers to this list stand on this subject. The only way I know to interpret their silence is to presume that they agree and see no need for discussion or that they don't want to discuss it for other reasons.
WT
----- Original Message ----- From: "Craig Dremann - Redwood City Seed Company" <Craig at astreet.com>
To: <apwg at lists.plantconservation.org>
Sent: Wednesday, August 12, 2009 12:23 PM
Subject: [APWG] Performance standards to get weed-free and 100% native
Dear Wayne and All,
I want to start my reply, to wax poetically about how nice walking through
a restored, a weed-free North American native ecosystem can be.
It is like visiting the Promised Land, a fairy tale land that people talk
about at annual wildland weed meetings--what would an area look like, that
they have been weeding for years or decades, if it was not only weed free,
but was 100% covered with the original pre-Columbian native ecosystem
understory?
The Shaw property is like a flawless 74-acre diamond, currently set in an
unending ocean of almost a 100% solid exotic understory of over 1,000
species of weeds, going 250 miles to the North, 200 miles to the East and
600 miles to the South, to the Mexican border.
===============
Wayne wrote:
Mowing before seed-set is a reasonably good practice in some contexts, it
may not always be practical (e.g., 2:1 slopes, etc.).
Reply: 99% of lower elevation California is gentle slopes to fairly flat,
so the level to gently sloping wildlands should be converted first, while
there are still viable native seeds in the soil seedbank.
If the native seeds in the soil seed bank are already 35-100 years old, my
big concern is we will not get started in this conversion back to 100%
native cover process, in time to take advantage of the viable native seeds
that are lying dormant underneath the exotics, before they lose their
viability.
The clock is ticking for these native seeds lying dormant in the soil
seedbanks, waiting for us to pay attention to them within our and their
lifetimes, otherwise their lives will be lost forever.
===============
Wayne wrote: Once a site has been dominated by weeds for a year or two,
not to mention decades or centuries, there is a considerable buildup of
dormant seeds in the soil's seed bank. Mowing can't get those, nor can it
get all of the standing crop.
Reply: Mowing absolutely must to get the standing crop of weed seeds
before they ripen, for that year, and contrary to popular belief, you do
not have to be concerned about the dormant weed seeds in the soil.
What has been happening over the last decades or hundred years, is that
the percentage cover of the weeds tipped the balance, where the weed
densities were able to use allelopathic chemicals to suppress the
germination of the dormant native seeds in the soil.
See Journal of Chemical Ecology, especially Dr. Liu's 1994 and 1995 papers
on a method to study plant-produced allelopathic chemicals as an
independent plant suppression system, separate from competition for water,
nutrients, sunlight, etc..
Where the concern should be focused, instead of the weed seed bank, is
managing and resurrecting the native seeds in the soil seedbank, and once
you cross a percentage native cover threshold, the natives will start
permanently suppressing the weeds still viable in the soil.
Those weed seeds will remain alive underneath the natives for a long, long
time, but once you get the right densities or the right local natives in
place, the natives will suppress the weed seeds from every germinating
again, the weed seeds will eventually die in the soil. Weeds Rest in
Peace.
=================
Wayne wrote:
Then there's the issue of the thatch/chaff, post-mowing regrowth, and
other specifics that raise questions.
Reply: Thatch is not a problem. Fortunately most of the weeds that cover
California are annuals, but for the perennials that might regrow, is
where a little brushing of the cut surfaces with Roundup might be
necessary, like Pampas grass, Harding grass, etc.
=================
Wayne wrote:
Not only that, but the vital importance that such treated sites must
self-sustain rather than be continuously treated for eternity.
Reply: That is why for the Performance Standards that I am recommending
for restoration of California perennial native grassland habitats, on my
web page at http://www.ecoseeds.com/standards.html is that you need to
make the conversion from exotic cover, back to at least 95% native cover,
within 90 days or less, with no future maintenance.
If you have to weed after the 90th day, you need to do your small scale
test plots over, until you get the right native cover that stops the weeds
cold. It is like a poker game, you have to lay down your Royal Flush of
local natives, to beat the local weeds. You do not want to have to keep
playing hand after hand of weeding-poker to eternity.
The only maintenance that might have to be done after the 90th day, is to
add more local native species to increase the diversity, and to fill in
gaps where native plant understory families have been catastrophically
exterminated, like California and the West.
Sincerely, Craig Dremann (650) 325-7333
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