[APWG] Biocontrols are January Invader Topic of the Month
Marc Imlay
ialm at erols.com
Wed Jan 22 14:08:44 CST 2014
http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/invader_of_the_month.html#startcontent
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January 1, 2014
Contact: Marc Imlay
Chairperson of the bio-control working group of Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant
Council.
The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission.
(301) 442-5657 cell
ialm at erols.com
Biocontrols are January Invader Topic of the Month
ANNAPOLIS , MD (January 1, 2014)
<http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/images/stiltgrass.jpg>
Japanese Stiltgrass showing fungal leaf blight
Photo Credit: William L. Bruckart III
USDA, ARS, FDWSRU
Biocontrols: Control Them Beyond Where We Cut, Pull and Spray
Biological Controls of non-native invasive plant species
Our tool kit for successful control of non-native invasive plants includes
preventing new invasive species from coming in from Europe, Asia, and other
continents; manual removal, the use of carefully targeted herbicides, and
host specific biological controls. Classical biological control involves the
importation and release of host-specific natural enemies to help regulate
pest populations. This strategy is usually used for invasive non-native
species that lack effective natural enemies in the region where they have
been introduced. In order to avoid direct damage to non-target species,
biological control agents must be highly host specific. Agents are brought
over after being tested or reviewed for host specificity in their native
range and then tested in quarantine conditions in the United States. They
are only approved for release if testing indicates a very low likelihood of
non-target effects, as determined by the Technical Advisory Group for
Biological Control Agents of Weeds (TAG), a group of experts that report to
USDA-APHIS. Effectiveness of classical biological control can vary, but of
49 invasive plant projects considered in a recent review (Van Driesche et
al. 2010), 27% (13) achieved complete control, 33% (16) provided partial
control, and 49% (24) were still in progress. The problem of bio-controls
harming non-target organisms was reported to be only about 3% as frequent as
before the new rules of proving host specificity went into effect.
For two of the most important invasive plant species requiring control in
Mid-Atlantic natural areas, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), and
mile-a-minute weed (Persicaria perfoliata), one or more host-specific insect
species have been tested and received permits for release. Three other
invasive plant species have had extensive studies conducted on host-specific
insects, with petitions for release submitted to TAG, but with proposed
releases still under review (TAG Petitions, 2013). These plant species and
associated insects are garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), the crown-mining
weevil (Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis); Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica),
the psyllid Aphalara itadori; and tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), the
weevil Eucryptorrhynchus brandti.
For some species, biocontrols may already exist in the U.S. in the form of
native insects and pathogens that have adapted to the invasive species over
time, or non-native species that were accidentally introduced.
Species updates with references for 18 non-native terrestrial and aquatic
invasive species are available in the MAIPC Biocontrol Work Group document
http://www.maipc.org/MAIPC_BiocontrolWG_Dec18.doc
One example is.
European Water Chestnut
European water chestnut (Trapa natans) is an invasive aquatic plant native
to Europe and Asia. It was first observed in the United States in
Massachusetts in the late 1800s. Its current distribution is the
mid-Atlantic and northeastern U.S., with the most serious problems being
reported for the Connecticut River valley, Lake Champlain region, Hudson
River, Potomac River and the upper Delaware River (Swearingen et al. 2010).
This species can form dense floating mats, and its sharp fruits can cause
painful wounds, making control efforts a challenge. The most promising
species for biological control is Galerucella birmanica, a leaf beetle (Ding
et al. 2006, 2007), but so far no petitions have been submitted to TAG.
For more information on this and other invasive species in Maryland, visit
the Maryland Invasive Species Council at http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/
For more information about Invasive Species of Concern in Maryland, visit
www.mdinvasivesp.org <http://www.mdinvasivesp.org>
photo available electronically on request.
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