[APWG] [ma-eppc] Lonicera japonica - allelopathic effects on pine regeneration
Marc Imlay
ialm at erols.com
Sun Mar 13 17:38:28 CST 2005
Here is an indication that the Lonicera japonica allelopathic
effects apply to other Lonicera and impact other plants.
Marc
----- Original Message -----
From: "LawrenceT Beckerle" <lawrencetbeckerle at yahoo.com>
To: "Marc Imlay" <ialm at erols.com>
Sent: Thursday, March 10, 2005 1:50 PM
Subject: Re: [ma-eppc] Lonicera japonica - allelopathic effects on pine
regeneration
In December I dug out about 30 asiatic bush
honeysuckle shrubs on dad's farm. I noticed that dead
black locust roots in the area where I grubbed out the
honeysuckle (probaly Morrow or Tartarian). Those dead
roots plus the lack of vegetation that I remember form
my childhood suggest to me that the non-native bush
honeysuckle's also have allelopathic properties.
Lawrence T. Beckerle
----- Original Message -----
From: <Jil_Swearingen at nps.gov>
To: <apwg at lists.plantconservation.org>; <ma-eppc at yahoogroups.com>; "Pete
Egan" <Peter.Egan at osd.mil>; "Barry Meyers-Rice" <bamrice at ucdavis.edu>
Sent: Friday, March 04, 2005 11:16 AM
Subject: [ma-eppc] Fw: Lonicera japonica - allelopathic effects on pine
regeneration
Hi,
In case you'd given up on trying to manage Japanese honeysuckle, here's
some information that may rekindle your interest in targeting this plant.
Thanks,
Jil
*******************************
JIL M SWEARINGEN
Invasive Species and
Pest Management Coordinator
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
National Capital Region
Center for Urban Ecology
4598 MacArthur Blvd., NW
Washington DC 20007
Phone/ 202-342-1443, ex. 218
Fax/ 202-282-1031
Jil_Swearingen at nps.gov
WEEDS GONE WILD Web Page
http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien
----- Forwarded by Jil Swearingen/NCR/NPS on 03/04/2005 11:12 AM -----
Sue Salmons
To: Jil
Swearingen/NCR/NPS at NPS, Ron Dean/NCR/NPS at NPS, Cynthia
03/03/2005 12:38 Wanschura/NCR/NPS at NPS
PM EST cc:
Subject: Lonicera japonica
The attached article was sent to me by Dan Kjar, the G'tn. grad. student
who is putting together the invertebrte database for the region. It's a
little scary to think that the leaf litter of Japanese honeysuckle may be
allelopathic. The research only tested it on pines, but...
SueS
(See attached file: skulman2004.pdf)
Sue Salmons
Resource Management Specialist - Vegetation
Rock Creek Park
202-895-6077
Skulman et al.: Allelopathic interference of Japanese honeysuckle x 433
Weed Science, 52:433-439. 2004
Evidence for allelopathic interference of Japanese
honeysuckle ( Lonicera japonica) to loblolly and shortleaf
pine regeneration
B. W. Skulman
Corresponding author. Department of Crop, Soil,
and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas,
1366 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704;
bskulman at uark.edu
J. D. Mattice
Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental
Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West
Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704
M. D. Cain
USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station,
Forest Resources Building, University of Arkansas at
Monticello, P.O. Box 3516, Monticello, AR 71656-
3516
E. E. Gbur
Agricultural Statistics Lab, AGRX-101, University of
Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
Japanese honeysuckle presents a serious problem to the economically
attractive natural
regeneration of loblolly and shortleaf pine. This research investigated the
potential
allelopathic interference mechanisms of Japanese honeysuckle in relation to
pine regeneration and growth, which may provide insight into overcoming this
problem.
The allelopathic potential of root exudates and leaf litter from Japanese
honeysuckle
was tested against loblolly and shortleaf pine seedlings. When Japanese
honeysuckle and loblolly pine seedlings were grown using the same irrigation
reservoir,
there was no significant effect on the growth of either pine species.
Exudates
of Japanese honeysuckle grown as a pure culture in donor cups also produced
no
growth effects on pure-cultured pine seedlings grown in acceptor cups. In
other
assays, aqueous extracts of Japanese honeysuckle leaf tissue were toxic to
duckweeds
at concentrations well below levels where plasmolysis might cause effects.
When
Japanese honeysuckle leaf tissue was added to soil at a rate of 2 g tissue
100 g21
soil, mean seedling height at 128 d after planting was reduced by as much as
40%.
Moreover, pine seedlings grown in the presence of Japanese honeysuckle
tissue exhibited
significant chlorosis of the shoot and needles. Gas chromatography-mass
spectroscopy analyses and high-performance liquid chromatography of Japanese
honeysuckle
leaf tissue aqueous extracts confirmed the presence of five compounds
previously
identified as possible allelochemicals: 4-hydroxycinnamic acid;
2-hydroxycinnamic
acid; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid; and chlorogenic
acid. Results indicate that allelopathy plays at least a partial role in
Japanese honeysuckle
interference with loblolly and shortleaf pine.
Nomenclature: Japanese honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica Thunb.; loblolly pine,
Pinus
taeda L.; shortleaf pine, Pinus echinata Mill; duckweed, Lemna minor L.
Key words: Allelopathy, germination, Lonicera japonica, Pinus taeda, Pinus
echinata,
interference.
Natural regeneration of loblolly and shortleaf pine provides
an attractive alternative to artificial reforestation for
small wood lot owners of the southeastern United States.
(Cain 1985). Unfortunately, competing vegetation can have
an adverse effect on natural pine seedling regeneration. Of
particular concern is Japanese honeysuckle, which was introduced
into the United States from Asia in 1806 (Leatherman
1955). This forest weed has become established
throughout the southeastern United States and poses a serious
problem in forest regeneration efforts because of its
formation of dense mats of vegetation that interfere with
the growth of shrubs, seedlings, and saplings.
Interference is the adverse effect that neighboring plants
can exert on each other's growth (Muller 1969; Rice 1974).
The causes of interference most commonly include competition
and allelopathy. Competition is the exclusion, depletion,
or removal of one or more environmental resources
such as nutrients, water, or light. Conversely, allelopathy is
the production and release of chemicals into the environment
by living or decaying plant tissues, which inhibit or
delay the growth of neighboring plants. Allelopathy has been
observed from various weed species and is a potentially potent
factor in reduced crop growth and yields (Drost and
Doll 1980; Jain et al. 1989). Siccama et al. (1976) have
shown that vines have deleterious effects on temperate forests
when present in large numbers. Exotic vines, such as
Japanese honeysuckle, have been shown to exert negative
effects on forest vegetation and may result in a vine-dominated
disclimax (Slezak 1976). Wigham (1984) showed that
removal of vines from the trunk, branches, and ground had
a significant positive effect on the growth of sweetgum (Liquidambar
styraciflua L.) when compared with removal of
vines from the trunk and branches alone and the control
(no vines removed). In that study, the dominant vines were
Japanese honeysuckle and poison ivy (Rhus radicans L.), with
abundant wild grape (Vitis spp.), Virginia creeper [Parthenocissus
quinquefolia (L.) Planchon], and trumpet creeper
[Campsis radicans (L.) Seeman]. The increased growth of
sweetgum after vine removal from trunk, branches, and soil
was attributed to reduction in interference. However, the
study did not distinguish between competition and allelopathy.
Because sweetgum growth increased only when the
vine roots were removed, as opposed to only removal of the
vine shoots, this may be an indicator of possible allelopathic
interference.
Cain (1991) observed that, under similar vegetation management
and harvesting regimen, there was more successful
regeneration in a pine forest that contained midstory and
understory hardwoods as opposed to a similar forest occupied
by established herbaceous vegetation. In this case the
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