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<h1 style="margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:24pt;font-family:"Times New Roman", serif;background:white">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: black;">Akito Y. Kawahara, </span><span data-delta="1" data-hasqtip="1" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: transparent;">
Lawrence E. Reeves, Jesse R. Barber, and </span><span data-delta="3" data-hasqtip="2" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer;">Scott H. Black, PNAS, January 12, 2021</span><b style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit;"><o:p> </o:p></b><br>
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<span style="color: black;">Insects constitute the vast majority of known animal species and are ubiquitous across terrestrial ecosystems, playing key ecological roles. As prey, they are critical to the survival of countless other species, including the majority
of bats, birds, and freshwater fishes. As herbivores, predators, and parasites, they are major determinants of the distribution and abundance of innumerable plants and animals. The majority of flowering plants, the dominant component of most terrestrial ecosystems,
depend on insects for pollination and hence reproduction. As consumers of waste products, insects are essential to the recycling of nutrients. Humans and their agriculture rely heavily on such ˇ°ecosystem servicesˇ± provided by insects, which together have at
least an annual value of ˇ$70 billion (2020 valuation) in the United States. Insects also provide humans with honey, silk, wax, dyes, and, in many cultures, food. Insects have become essential subjects in medical and basic biological research. Furthermore,
insects are one of the most easily accessible forms of wildlife, with a diversity of morphology, life history, and behavior that seems ready-made for inspiring appreciation of nature and its conservation. </span><span style="color: black;">This benign characterization
of insects seems self-evident now, but its emergence is historically recent, especially in the United States. In the mostly agricultural 19th century United States, political pressure generated by increasing crop losses to insects led to the creation of a
government-supported corps of professional entomologists. Great advances in fundamental knowledge resulted, but entomology became closely tied to the chemical/pesticide industry, which increasingly adopted a strident insects-as-enemy dialogue, broadened to
include disease vectors. The 1962 publication of Silent Spring marked a dramatic turn toward a more balanced view, but the transition has been slow, not least because the challenges of crop pest and disease vector management remain enormous.</span></p>
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<ol>
<li><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.5px; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: normal; display: inline !important;">Convert
lawns into diverse natural habitats.</span><br>
</o:p></span></li><li><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "Open Sans", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16.5px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Grow
native plants.</span><br>
</span></o:p></span></li><li><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "Open Sans", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16.5px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Reduce
pesticide and herbicide use.</span><br>
</span></span></o:p></span></li><li><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "Open Sans", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16.5px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Limit
use of exterior lighting.</span><br>
</span></span></span></o:p></span></li><li><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "Open Sans", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16.5px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Lessen
soap runoff from washing vehicles and building exteriors and reduce use of driveway sealants and de-icing salts.</span><br>
</span></span></span></span></o:p></span></li><li><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "Open Sans", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16.5px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Counter
negative perceptions of insects.</span><br>
</span></span></span></span></span></o:p></span></li><li><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "Open Sans", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16.5px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Become
an educator, ambassador, and advocate for insect conservation.</span><br>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></o:p></span></li><li><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "Open Sans", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16.5px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Get
involved in local politics, support science, and vote.</span><br>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></o:p></span></li></ol>
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p><span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black">Link to article: https://www.pnas.org/content/118/2/e2002547117<o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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