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<p class="MsoNormal">Press Release<o:p></o:p></p>
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<h1>Technical Release<span style="font-family:"Univers 47 CondensedLight""><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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January 18, 2016<o:p></o:p></p>
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Susan Kemp<o:p></o:p></p>
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Cass Cairns<o:p></o:p></p>
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541-750-1047<o:p></o:p></p>
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970-498-1370<o:p></o:p></p>
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<a href="mailto:skemp@usgs.gov">skemp@usgs.gov</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<a href="mailto:cfcairns@fs.fed.us">cfcairns@fs.fed.us</a> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">New Invasive Annual Grass Book Addresses Critical Questions for the Western United States</span></b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height:115%"><b>BOISE, ID., </b>Jan. 26, 2016 — <i>Bromus</i> species – such as cheatgrass – are exotic annual grasses that have become the dominant annual grasses in the western hemisphere. Their spread and impacts across the western U.S. continue
despite the many attempts by land managers to control these species. A new book edited by scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Forest Service, and Colorado State University was released today and answers critical research, planning, and management
questions about these species. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p style="line-height:115%"><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%">A view of Nevada's Santa Rosa Range with grasslands in the foreground (Photo by: Nolan Preece)</span></em><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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<p style="line-height:115%">The Department of Interior Secretarial Order 3336 on Rangeland Fire Prevention, Management and Restoration directly addresses the need for
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="line-height:115%">additional science and research to unlock the key to controlling invasive exotic
<em>Bromus</em> grasses and developing tools to protect and support resistant and resilient sagebrush landscapes in the United States. Sagebrush habitat is essential for the survival of the greater sage-grouse and other wildlife species as well as for economic
activities, such as ranching and recreation.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="line-height:115%"> “There are nearly 150 species of <em>Bromus</em> globally,” said Matthew Germino, USGS ecologist and lead editor of the new book. “Despite the high number of studies and publications on the species that have invaded the western
U.S., land managers still face challenges in controlling the spread and impact of these grasses across the landscape.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="line-height:115%">The book titled “Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western U.S.: Causes, Consequences, and Management Implications,” synthesizes available literature on the biology, ecology, sociology, and economics of
<em>Bromus</em> grasses to develop a more complete picture of the factors that influence their invasiveness, impacts, and management in the western U.S.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="line-height:115%">The synthesis helps to answer questions on:<o:p></o:p></p>
<ul type="disc">
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The effects of environmental factors on <em><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Bromus</span></em> species distributions<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:115%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
Arid and semiarid ecosystem attributes and processes that influence resistance to invasion by
<em><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Bromus</span></em><o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:115%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
Traits of <em><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Bromus</span></em> species that contribute to their invasiveness<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:115%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
Impacts of <em><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Bromus</span></em> invasions on ecosystems<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:115%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
Effects of pathogens on <em><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Bromus</span></em> invasions and their potential for biocontrol<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:115%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
Effects of land uses on <em><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Bromus</span></em> invasions<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:115%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
Management options for exotic annual <em><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Bromus</span></em> and their application<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:115%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
Socioeconomic drivers and patterns of human response to <em><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Bromus</span></em> invasion<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p style="line-height:115%"> “The risks and problems associated with <em>Bromus</em> have been known in the U.S. for decades, but much of the past research was done to answer questions at local scales and focused on only a few causal factors,” said Jeanne Chambers,
USFS research ecologist with the Rocky Mountain Research Station and co-editor. “Today,
<em>Bromus</em> grass impacts are large scale and influenced by many interacting factors requiring a more holistic approach.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="line-height:115%">The book is the result of funding provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Research, Extension, and Education Network – or REEnet – which brought together a diverse range of public agency and university specialists from around
the U.S. to generate and refine ideas on <em>Bromus</em> grasses. Lessons learned from this synthesis can be used to address impacts of species like cheatgrass on the sagebrush-steppe which support over 350 wildlife species, including greater sage-grouse.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="line-height:115%">Greater sage-grouse occur in parts of 11 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces in western North America. Implementation of effective management actions for the benefit of sage-grouse continues to be a focus of Department of the Interior
agencies following the decision by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service that the species is not warranted for listing under the Endangered Species Act.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p style="line-height:115%">USGS provides science for a changing world. Visit <a href="http://usgs.gov/">
USGS.gov</a>, and follow us on Twitter <a href="http://twitter.com/USGS">@USGS</a> and our other
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<p style="line-height:115%"><em>USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender.</em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="line-height:115%"><em>The Rocky Mountain Research Station is one of five regional units that make up the U.S. Forest Service Research and Development organization – the most extensive natural resources research organization in the world. The Station
maintains 12 field laboratories throughout a 12-state territory encompassing the Great Basin, Southwest, Rocky Mountains, and parts of the Great Plains, and administers and conducts research on 14 experimental forests, ranges, and watersheds, while maintaining
long-term databases for these areas. While anchored in the geography of the West our research is global in scale. RMRS research is broken into eight science program areas that serve the Forest Service as well as other federal and state agencies, international
organizations, private groups and individuals. To find out more about the RMRS go to
</em><a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/rmrs"><em><span style="color:blue;text-decoration:none">www.fs.fed.us/rmrs</span></em></a><em>. You can also follow us on Twitter at
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Cass Cairns
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Public & Legislative Affairs<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Forest Service
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#28742E">Rocky Mountain Research Station<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">p: 970-498-1370
<br>
c: 970-817-1336 <br>
</span></b><a href="mailto:cfcairns@fs.fed.us"><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue">cfcairns@fs.fed.us</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">240 W. Prospect Rd.
<br>
Fort Collins, CO 80526<br>
</span><a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue">www.fs.fed.us</span></a><span style="font-size:8.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">
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</span><a href="http://usda.gov/"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="21" height="14" id="_x0000_i1032" src="cid:image007.gif@01D159B1.8DFD3480"></span></a><a href="https://twitter.com/forestservice"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="19" height="16" id="_x0000_i1031" src="cid:image008.png@01D159B1.8DFD3480"></span></a><a href="http://facebook.com/USDA"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="16" height="16" id="_x0000_i1030" src="cid:image009.png@01D159B1.8DFD3480"></span></a><span style="font-size:8.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Deborah M. Finch<br>
<span style="color:#669900">Pr</span><span style="color:#4F6228">ogram Manager</span><span style="color:#669900"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Forest Service
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#28742E">Rocky Mountain Research Station<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#28742E">Grasslands Shrublands and Desert Ecosystems<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#555555">p: 505-724-3671<br>
c: 505-401-0580 <br>
f: 505-724-3688 <br>
</span></b><b><u><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#428BCA"><a href="mailto:dfinch@fs.fed.us"><span style="color:blue">dfinch@fs.fed.us</span></a></span></u></b><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#555555"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#555555">333 Broadway, SE, Suite 115
<br>
Albuquerque, NM 87102<br>
<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/"><span style="color:#428BCA">www.fs.fed.us</span></a>
<br>
</span><a href="https://twitter.com/forestservice"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#428BCA;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="19" height="16" id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image008.png@01D159B1.8DFD3480" alt="Twitter"></span></a><a href="http://facebook.com/USDA"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#428BCA;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="16" height="16" id="Picture_x0020_3" src="cid:image009.png@01D159B1.8DFD3480" alt="Facebook"></span></a><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#555555"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#28742E">Caring for the land and serving people<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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