<br><font size=3 face="sans-serif">There is so much experience on this
listserve! Thank you for this very informative discussion and do
keep it up. </font>
<br>
<br><font size=3 face="sans-serif">You have raised many important points
- the details that often fall by the wayside. I'd also like to encourage
you to submit constructive comments to the author. </font>
<br>
<br><font size=3 face="sans-serif">Thank you,</font>
<br><font size=3 face="sans-serif">-Patricia</font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">Patricia S. De Angelis, Ph.D.<br>
Botanist - Division of Scientific Authority<br>
Chair - Plant Conservation Alliance - Medicinal Plant Working Group<br>
US Fish & Wildlife Service<br>
4401 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 110<br>
Arlington, VA 22203<br>
703-358-1708 x1753<br>
FAX: 703-358-2276<br>
<br>
Promoting sustainable use and conservation of our native medicinal plants.<br>
<www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal><br>
</font>
<br>
<br>
<br>
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<td width=40%><font size=1 face="sans-serif"><b>Elizabeth Kirchner <ekirchner@aibs.org></b>
</font>
<br><font size=1 face="sans-serif">Sent by: mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org</font>
<p><font size=1 face="sans-serif">05/18/2011 10:26 AM</font>
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<div align=right><font size=1 face="sans-serif">To</font></div>
<td><font size=1 face="sans-serif">Robert Layton Beyfuss <rlb14@cornell.edu>,
mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org</font>
<tr valign=top>
<td>
<div align=right><font size=1 face="sans-serif">cc</font></div>
<td>
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<td>
<div align=right><font size=1 face="sans-serif">Subject</font></div>
<td><font size=1 face="sans-serif">[MPWG] Alfalfa's Natural Irony: Allelopathic,
Autotoxic, Now Roundup Ready</font></table>
<br>
<table>
<tr valign=top>
<td>
<td></table>
<br></table>
<br>
<br>
<br><font size=3>I know exactly what you mean. Had CSA written, "<i>Ideally</i>,
time and weather allow a farmer to cut alfalfa before it flowers, minimizing
lignin production, boosting digestibility in dairy cows...," I wouldn't
have minded. But the writer seems incapable of teasing apart - or even
acknowledging - the many and nuanced issues he presents.<br>
<br>
"...lacks the right bees.." seemed compelling enough to elicit
at least a corroborating sentence, if not a story in itself, since, in
places where alfalfa is grown for seed, state Extension gives a lot of
advice to farmers about managing alfalfa leafcutter and bumble bees because
there really are insufficient naturally occurring bee populations to provide
all of the pollinators needed to support a highly productive seed crop,
so farmers who raise alfalfa, often also raise its pollinators. But whether
the population level is naturally inadequate, or was obliterated by pesticides
and habitat loss, CSA doesn't say.<br>
<br>
Auto-toxicity-wise, alfalfa produces exudates that suppress alfalfa seed
germination and seedling growth - that's autotoxicity, and it varies among
cultivars, but makes managing alfalfa in anything but a long-term crop
rotation, or overseeding into a forage crop, a big crop management tussle.
Interestingly, in allelopathy studies, alfalfa also inhibits the growth
of some weeds, like giant foxtail and lambsquarter, but, as luck would
have it, alfalfa also inhibits the growth of some crops, like soybeans.
<br>
<br>
Studies of alfalfa's autotoxic and allelopathic nature were interested
in natural weed control. But alfalfa's naturally occurring weed control
potential is unpatentable - Monsanto's answer is RR GM alfalfa, poo-pooing
herbicide-resistance fears, and with USDA Jan 2011 blessing here: </font><a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/27/gmo-alfalfa-usda-idUSN2727513020110127"><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/27/gmo-alfalfa-usda-idUSN2727513020110127</u></font></a><font size=3>).
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Robert Layton Beyfuss wrote: </font>
<br><font size=2 color=#004080 face="Calibri">The article is certainly
biased and not exactly accurate. It says that “</font><font size=3 face="Times New Roman">First,
it's cut for hay before it flowers” (Really? Alfalfa
has the most protein right at flowering and where I live less than 10%
of it is cut before it flowers. Weather dictates when hay get harvested,
not Monsanto.) “those flowers are autotoxic, (what does that
mean?) and "most hay-growing regions...lack the right bees."
(Hay growing regions???? Almost every dairy farm in America grows alfalfa
from coast to coast) “With these barriers in mind, alfalfa is regulated
with the notion that 165 feet protects non-GMOs from cross-contamination”
(Notion is right! It is a notion that 165 feet will prevent cross pollination,
a notion that is not supported. by evidence other than that which is based
on the incorrect assumptions as stated above) </font>
<br><font size=2 color=#004080 face="Calibri"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Tahoma"><b>From:</b> </font><a href="mailto:mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org"><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u>mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma">
[</font><a href="mailto:mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org"><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u>mailto:mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma">]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Edward Fletcher<b><br>
Sent:</b> Tuesday, May 17, 2011 3:48 PM<b><br>
To:</b> 'Elizabeth Kirchner'; </font><a href=mailto:mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u>mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma"><b><br>
Subject:</b> Re: [MPWG] Roundup Ready Alfalfa: A Solution without a Problem</font>
<br><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"> </font>
<br><font size=4 color=#008000 face="MS Mincho"><b><i>All very interesting
information to know about, but the linked article on Round-up Ready Alfalfa
has lots of input from </i></b></font>
<br><font size=4 color=#008000 face="MS Mincho"><b><i>a 'non-profit' who
exists by researching & developing RR crops for farmers and has
worked with Monsanto in the past. So we must consider the source.....</i></b></font>
<br><font size=2 face="Tahoma">-----Original Message-----<b><br>
From:</b> </font><a href="mailto:mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org"><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u>"mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org"</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma">
</font><a href="mailto:mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org"><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u><mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org></u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma">
<b><br>
Sent:</b> 5/17/2011 10:26 AM <b><br>
To:</b> </font><a href=mailto:mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u>"mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org"</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma">
</font><a href=mailto:mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u><mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org></u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma">
<b><br>
Subject:</b> [MPWG] Roundup Ready Alfalfa: A Solution without a Problem
</font>
<br><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"> </font>
<br><font size=3 face="Times New Roman">The Crop Science Socity of America's
CSA News May issue examines the benefits, costs, and potential for genetic
cross-contamination in alfalfa. </font><a href="https://www.crops.org/publications/csa-news"><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><u>https://www.crops.org/publications/csa-news</u></font></a><font size=3 face="Times New Roman">
The article discusses the significant regulation in place to protect conventional
alfalfa from Roundup-resistant GM alfalfa - a trait critics call a solution
to a non-existent problem - but may also impede the development of GM cultivars
that merely expand naturally occurring traits.<br>
<br>
The article describes the reasoning behind regulations. Explaining that
there are a number of natural barriers to cross-contamination in
alfalfa. First, it's cut for hay before it flowers, those flowers are autotoxic,
and "most hay-growing regions...lack the right bees." With these
barriers in mind, alfalfa is regulated with the notion that 165 feet protects
non-GMOs from cross-contamination. <br>
<br>
The concern, though, is that alfalfa is also grown for seed - 20% of the
alfalfa grown in the US is exported as seed. As you recall, in the
early 2000s, scientists planted Roundup Ready alfalfa, surrounding
it at various distances with "trap" crops of conventional alfalfa.
They let the seed ripen, harvested the trap crops, grew them out, and sprayed
them with Roundup. They were able to measure very low levels of gene flow
and their findings became "...the basis for the best practices and
stewardship programs adopted by the National Alfalfa and Forage Alliance
- adopted to curb transgene flow," explains CSA News. <br>
<br>
The isolation distance for Roundup Ready alfalfa pollinated by honeybees
is 3 miles. A farmer who wants to plant RR alfalfa first visits his or
her state seed certification office who checks whether the farmer meets
the requirement, later conducts a field visit, and monitors, then submits
data to a national database on accidental presence of transgenes
in non-GM seed. <br>
<br>
One of the most important things the article clarifies is that, although
Roundup-resistance give a completely new trait to alfalfa, other transgenes
just broaden a plant's genetic variation. The example is a transgene that
reduces lignin production in alfalfa. If you can reduce the amount of lignin
in the alfalfa, cows digest more carbohydrate, reduce manure production,
and farmers can cut higher yields, but fewer times per year saving energy
and time.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Robert Layton Beyfuss wrote: </font>
<br><font size=2 color=#004080 face="Calibri">I wonder if these GMO plants
will be considered as new species? The test of a species identity is its
reproductive capacity and I assume they can still cross breed with non
GMO€™s of the same species they started out as. There is no
doubt that the artificially inserted genes can €œescape€ and confer
their specific traits onto other plants via pollen and perhaps via insects
such as leafhoppers feeding on them. Ironically, the plants that accidently
acquire the new genes are probably the property of the company that created
their parents (Monsanto). Seems to me that weeds which are now resistant
to Round Up, ie glyphosate as a result of this technology should be the
responsibility of Monsanto. So farmers who have to use alternative herbicides
to control these weeds should be compensated by Monsanto.</font>
<br><font size=2 color=#004080 face="Calibri"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Tahoma"><b>From:</b> </font><a href="mailto:mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org"><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u>mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma">
[</font><a href="mailto:mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org"><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u>mailto:mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma">]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>MoonBranch Botanicals<b><br>
Sent:</b> Monday, May 16, 2011 3:39 PM<b><br>
To:</b> </font><a href=mailto:Patricia_DeAngelis@fws.gov><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u>Patricia_DeAngelis@fws.gov</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma">;
</font><a href=mailto:ForestRuss@aol.com><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u>ForestRuss@aol.com</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma"><b><br>
Cc:</b> </font><a href=mailto:mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org><font size=2 color=blue face="Tahoma"><u>mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Tahoma"><b><br>
Subject:</b> Re: [MPWG] Bipolaris in WV</font>
<br><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"> </font>
<br><font size=3 face="Arial">Hi All, and thanks Russ and Patricia for
the info and update.<br>
<br>
I have a question for the group especially in light of this example of
where Microstegium has become such a pest and there is much focus on and
money spent preventing the spread/introduction of and/or controlling "exotic
invasive" species. Using that same terminology, "exotic invasive"
as something that occurs naturally outside the habitat into which it is
introduced and thus becomes a problem, I am curious as to why we as a group
in specific as well as our society in general does not voice more "concern"
(put mildly) over the introduction, whether intentional or accidental,
of "new" genetically modified organisms into the environment?
<br>
<br>
To introduce a species into a new environment or habitat is one thing,
but to take a previously unknown (with regards to it habits in an uncontrolled
environment) species and to allow or perhaps fail to prevent it's introduction
into the biosphere seems like a much more dangerous proposition in terms
of potential consequences. Furthermore, many agencies and bureaus within
or under the umbrella of the same (US in this case) government are avidly
promoting the control of these naturally occurring exotics while "sister"
agencies are not only allowing but sometimes promoting the use of and introduction
into the natural world these previously unknown genetically modified
organisms, GMOs if you will.<br>
<br>
I have read that scientific research of exotic invasives show a net negative
effect on the ecosystems within which they invade in terms of threatening
biodiversity, thus prompting efforts to prevent their spread or failing
that, initiate their control. I have also read of scientific research that
says that GMO's however, while completely unknown as to their interspecific
interactions outside of a controlled environment pose no threat. This of
course begs another question. Does scientific methodology vary from agency
to agency as the scenario created is otherwise completely void of any and
all logic.<br>
<br>
Any thoughts, anyone?</font>
<br><font size=3 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=3 face="Arial">And, not coincidentally this recent interview
of Dr. Huber, a noted plant pathologist from Purdue University may be of
some interest to some of you: </font><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzlwAAf9DRg"><font size=3 color=blue face="Arial"><b><u>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzlwAAf9DRg</u></b></font></a>
<br><font size=3 face="Arial"> </font>
<br><font size=3 face="Arial">Thanks and I'll be looking forward to replies,</font>
<br><font size=3 face="Arial">Robin</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial">-----Original Message----- <br>
From: </font><a href=mailto:Patricia_DeAngelis@fws.gov><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>Patricia_DeAngelis@fws.gov</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Arial">
<br>
Sent: May 16, 2011 12:35 PM <br>
To: </font><a href=mailto:ForestRuss@aol.com><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>ForestRuss@aol.com</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Arial">
<br>
Cc: </font><a href=mailto:mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Arial">
<br>
Subject: Re: [MPWG] Bipolaris in WV <br>
<br>
<br>
So, I see that this fungus is native to Appalachia. Has the research also
looked into whether/how this fungus is impacting native plants in the understory
(such as black cohosh)? <br>
<br>
I've just seen mention in a 2008 report that anthracnose was diagnosed
on black cohosh (and pitcher plants) that year, which may be the black
splotching I saw on BC in the woods a couple years ago. See VaTech's
Plant Disease Clinic 2008 Report for further info on that (p. iv): </font><a href=http://www.ppws.vt.edu/%7Eclinic/reports/clinic_report_2008.pdf target=_blank><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>http://www.ppws.vt.edu/~clinic/reports/clinic_report_2008.pdf</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Arial">
<br>
<br>
Thanks, <br>
Patricia <br>
<br>
Patricia S. De Angelis, Ph.D.<br>
Botanist - Division of Scientific Authority<br>
Chair - Plant Conservation Alliance - Medicinal Plant Working Group<br>
US Fish & Wildlife Service<br>
4401 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 110<br>
Arlington, VA 22203<br>
703-358-1708 x1753<br>
FAX: 703-358-2276<br>
<br>
Promoting sustainable use and conservation of our native medicinal plants.<br>
<</font><a href=http://www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal><font size=2 color=blue face="Arial"><u>www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Arial">><br>
<br>
<br>
</font>
<p>
<table width=100%>
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<td width=55%><a href=mailto:ForestRuss@aol.com><font size=1 color=blue face="Arial"><b><u>ForestRuss@aol.com</u></b></font></a><font size=1 face="Arial">
<br>
Sent by: </font><a href="mailto:mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org"><font size=1 color=blue face="Arial"><u>mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Arial">
</font>
<br><font size=1 face="Arial">05/16/2011 11:01 AM</font><font size=2 face="Arial">
</font>
<td width=44%>
<br>
<table width=100%>
<tr valign=top>
<td width=17%>
<div align=right><font size=1 face="Arial">To</font></div>
<td width=82%><a href=mailto:MPWG@lists.plantconservation.org><font size=1 color=blue face="Arial"><u>MPWG@lists.plantconservation.org</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Arial">
</font>
<tr valign=top>
<td>
<div align=right><font size=1 face="Arial">cc</font></div>
<td>
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<td>
<div align=right><font size=1 face="Arial">Subject</font></div>
<td><font size=1 face="Arial">[MPWG] Bipolaris in WV</font></table>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"> </font>
<p>
<br>
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<td>
<td></table>
<br></table>
<br><font size=2 face="Arial"><br>
<br>
<br>
MPWG: <br>
<br>
The Bipolaris fungus has again appeared in central WV. <br>
<br>
The first Microstegium plants started to germinate in mid April and within
two weeks seedlings were starting to sport Bipolaris lesions. In
many locations the lower blades of the stiltgrass plants had already died
and in a few areas the plants appeared to die almost as soon as they germinated.
The photo below was taken in an area that is at the leading edge
of a SG invasion....hopefully the end of a SG invasion. <br>
<br>
In some areas nearly every individual stiltgrass plant was showing signs
of infection by Bipolaris within two weeks of gernination. <br>
<br>
By mid May the infection has spread throughout this population.
In many areas the stiltgrass is becoming non competitive as the foliage
dies back and the surrounding native vegetation overtakes and dominates
the ground cover. <br>
<br>
The "persistent" thatch produced by stiltgrass that lives through
its' full life cycle appears to rot very quickly in the face of a Bipolaris
infection. There are some areas where Bipolaris has been active
for several years and neither thatch or healthy Mv seedlings are present.
<br>
<br>
For people wishing to see Bipolaris in action, we will be hosting a program
at Crummies Creek Demonstration Forest in cooperation with the West Virginia
University Extension, the Woodland Owners Association of WV and the National
Woodland Owners Association on Saturday June 25 and some of the session
will involve visits to areas where Bipolaris has been active for several
years as well as areas subjected to annual mechanical control for over
ten years. <br>
<br>
Special permits to move Bipolaris infected plants to other parts of West
Virginia are available through the WV Department of Agriculture. Intentional
movement of diseased plants from WV is possible as long as a permit is
obtained from APHIS. <br>
<br>
However, Bipolaris, which appears to be native to the central Appalachians
showed up in Maryland and Virginia last year and the wet spring of 2011
has not hampered the spread of the fungus so it should be expected in more
locations this summer. <br>
<br>
Look for additional updates as the growing season progresses. <br>
<br>
Sincerely, <br>
<br>
Russ Richardson, Certified Forester <br>
PO Box 207 <br>
Arnoldsburg, WV 25234</font><font size=2 face="Courier New"><br>
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Any advice given on this list regarding diagnosis or treatments etc. reflects
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</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Courier New"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Courier New"> </font>
<br><font size=2 face="Courier New">Robin Alton Suggs</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Courier New">MoonBranch Botanicals</font>
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<br><font size=2 face="Courier New">Robbinsville, North Carolina 28771
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