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</style></head><body><div id="compText">As I suspected, this, and most academic research publications, which in my opinion ought to be public domain, is not. There is a $32 fee attached. As President Eisenhower warned, we should be watchful of the universities and Military/industrial Complex.<br><br>I do appreciate Joe-Ann taking the time to send the link however. Also, a problem with non-applied research is that practitioners (potential growers in this case) would need a translater to understand the findings and may still be at a loss for how to apply them. Just my 2 cents worth, again.... <br><br>Robin<br><br><br><blockquote style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 255); padding-left: 5px; margin-left: 0px;">-----Original Message-----
<br>From: "McCoy, Joe-Ann" <joemccoy@iastate.edu>
<br>Sent: Apr 30, 2007 3:21 PM
<br>To: David Lincicome <david.lincicome@state.tn.us>, mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org
<br>Subject: Re: [MPWG] Fw: Pink Lady's Slipper cultivation - Great topic
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</zzzbody></xml></zzz!--[if></zzz![endif]--></xml></zzz!--[if></zzz![endif]></zzz![endif]--></zzz!--[if></o:smarttagtype></o:smarttagtype></o:smarttagtype></o:smarttagtype></o:smarttagtype></o:smarttagtype></o:smarttagtype></o:smarttagtype></o:smarttagtype></o:smarttagtype></zzz![endif]--></zzz!--[if></zzzmeta></zzzmeta></zzzhead></zzzhtml></david.lincicome@state.tn.us></joemccoy@iastate.edu><div class="Section1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37); font-weight: bold;">The
following links may help answer the question about the fungi associated with
the cultivation of <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Cypripedium acaule. </span></i>In
addition there is a link to a <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Cypripedium</span></i>
forum where you may be able to find specific sources.<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="3"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">1.) Fungi associated
with terrestrial orchid mycorrhizas, seeds and protocorms <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">Journal<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/108925/">Mycoscience</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">Publisher<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">Springer <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">ISSN<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">1340-3540 (Print)
1618-2545 (Online)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color white white -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 1.2pt 0in 2.4pt 4.8pt; background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 2in; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" bgcolor="#ececec" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="192">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">Issue<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/t2250717554q/">Volume 37, Number 4
/ December, 1996</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">Category<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">Original Papers<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">DOI<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">10.1007/BF02461001<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">Pages<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">439-448<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">Subject Collection<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Subject+Group=Biomedical+and+Life+Sciences++">Biomedical
and Life Sciences </a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">SpringerLink Date<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">Thursday, August
10, 2006<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37); font-weight: bold;">Carla D. Zelmer<sup>1</sup>,
Lisa Cuthbertson<sup>1</sup> and Randy S. Currah<sup>1 <a target="_blank" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/761330j2hw115113/#ContactOfAuthor3#ContactOfAuthor3"><font color="#5a597b"><span style="color: rgb(90, 89, 123); text-decoration: none;"><img id="_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image001.gif@01C78B32.E66828C0" alt="Contact Information" border="0" height="10" width="14"></span></font></a></sup><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a target="_blank" name="Aff1"></a><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">(1) </span></font><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">Dept. of Biological Sciences, <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Alberta</st1:placename>, CW405 Biological
Sciences <st1:city w:st="on">Bldg</st1:city>, <st1:postalcode w:st="on">T6G
2E9</st1:postalcode> <st1:country-region w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region>,
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Edmonton</st1:place></st1:city></span></font><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="1"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a target="_blank" name="Abs1"></a><b><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37); font-weight: bold;">Abstract </span></font></b><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);">The identity and ecological role of fungi in the
mycorrhizal roots of 25 species of mature terrestrial orchids and in 17 species
of field incubated orchid seedlings were examined. Isolates of symbiotic fungi
from mature orchid mycorrhizas were basidiomycetes primarily in the genera <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Ceratorhiza, Epulorhiza</span></i> and <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Moniliopsis</span></i>; a few unidentified taxa with
clamped hyphae were also recovered. More than one taxon of peloton-forming
fungus was often observed in the cleared and stained mycorrhizas. Although <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Ceratorhiza</span></i> and<i><span style="font-style: italic;">Epulorhiza</span></i> strains were isolated from the developing
protocorms, pelotons of clamped hyphae were often presents in the cleared
protocorms of several orchid species. These basidiomycetes are difficult to
isolate and may be symbionts of ectotrophic plants. The higher proportion of
endophytes bearing clamp connections in developing seeds than in the
mycorrhizas is attributed to differences in the nutritional requirements of the
fully mycotrophic protocorms and partially autotrophic plants. Most isolates of
<i><span style="font-style: italic;">Ceratorhiza</span></i> differed
enzymatically from <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Epulorhiza</span></i> in
producing polyphenol oxidases. Dual cultures with thirteen orchid isolates and
five non-orchid hosts showed that some taxa can form harmless associations with
non-orchid hosts. It is suggested that most terrestrial orchid mycorrhizas are
relatively non-specific and that the mycobionts can be saprophytes, parasites
or mycorrhizal associates of other plants. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37); font-weight: bold;">Key
Words </span></font></b><font color="#000025" face="Verdana" size="2"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 37);"> <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Ceratorhiza</span></i> - <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Epulorhiza</span></i> - <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Moniliopsis</span></i> - orchid mycorrhizas
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;"><span style="">2.)<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></font></span></span></font><zzz![endif]><font face="Arial"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Vujanovic, V., M. St-Arnaud, D.
Barabé and G. Thibeault. 2000. <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Phialocephala
victorinii</span></i> sp. nov. endophyte of <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Cypripedium
parviflorum </span></i>(Orchicadeae). Mycologia 92 (3) : 571-576. 71-576.<o:p></o:p></span></font></zzz![endif]></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;"><span style="">3.)<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></font></span></span></font><zzz![endif]><font color="blue" face="Arial"><span style="font-family: Arial; color: blue;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/recreation/orchidcongress/Germination_in_Cyps.pdf">http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/recreation/orchidcongress/Germination_in_Cyps.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></zzz![endif]></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;"><span style="">4.)<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></font></span></span></font><zzz![endif]><font color="blue" face="Arial"><span style="font-family: Arial; color: blue;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uslink.com/%7Escl/lab.html">http://www.uslink.com/~scl/lab.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></zzz![endif]></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;"><span style="">5.)<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></font></span></span></font><zzz![endif]><font color="blue" face="Arial"><span style="font-family: Arial; color: blue;">http://www.cypripedium.de/forum/invitro.html<o:p></o:p></span></font></zzz![endif]></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">Good luck and please let us know how
successful you are,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">Joe-Ann<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">Joe-Ann McCoy, Ph.D.</span></font><font color="blue"><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">USDA-ARS Medicinal Plant Curator</span></font><font color="blue"><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">North Central Regional Plant Introduction
Station</span></font><font color="blue"><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">G212 Agronomy Hall</span></font><font color="blue"><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">Iowa</span></font></st1:placename><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;"> <st1:placetype w:st="on">State</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></span></font></st1:place><font color="blue"><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">Ames</span></font></st1:city><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">, <st1:state w:st="on">Iowa</st1:state>
<st1:postalcode w:st="on">50011-1170</st1:postalcode></span></font></st1:place><font color="blue"><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">USA</span></font></st1:place></st1:country-region><font color="blue"><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">phone: 515-294-2297</span></font><font color="blue"><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;">fax: 515-294-1903</span></font><font color="blue"><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="blue" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
<hr tabindex="-1" align="center" size="2" width="100%">
</span></font></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">From:</span></font></b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;"> mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[mailto:mpwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">On Behalf Of </span></b>David Lincicome<br>
<b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></b> Friday, April 27, 2007 4:03
PM<br>
<b><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></b>
mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org<br>
<b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Subject:</span></b> Re: [MPWG] Fw: Pink
Lady's Slipper cultivation</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">This recent thesis is a good overview of Cypripedium
cultivation.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://ex-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00001453/01/Cypripedium,_R%C3%A4nnb%C3%A4ck_070126.pdf">http://ex-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00001453/01/Cypripedium,_R%C3%A4nnb%C3%A4ck_070126.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Nonetheless, I don't think it provides an answer to the posted C.
acaule question.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><br>
David Lincicome<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><br>
>>> MoonBranch Botanicals <moonbranch@earthlink.net> 04/27/07
1:31 PM >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<div id="compText">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Hello All, thanks for
the engaging dialogue. At least now I won't have to go into any policy charged
diatribe as Bob and Tony have done an excellent job there for us. Tony, I know
now you've been hanging out with me for too long....<br>
<br>
Anyway, I'll address here now what little I know about pink lady's slipper and
it's place in the forest community. Apparently it is speculated that this plant
does require a symbiotic relationship with a soil microbe or fungi to live and
thrive. I'm not sure that anyone knows what specific fungi or group of
organisms play a role here. I suspect this type of "inter-plant"
relationship is far more common and complex than we understand. At any rate
from what I've heard and based on what I have observed in the woods, pink
lady's slipper is generally associated in mixed hardwood and "yellow"
or "hard" pine stands (at least in my locale). It is speculated that
the fungi or other microbes associated with pink lady's slipper is also
associated with "yellow" pines. Hence, no pines, no microbes, no
lady's slipper. An oversimplification, no doubt.<br>
<br>
I don't know if there is any hard reseach out there to support this, or who
would pay for it if it wasn't. Maybe we could tie lady's slipper to Homeland
Security or something....<br>
<br>
So, without going much further , the simple question originally posed requires
a complex and somewhat tedious reply. If you did know what species of fungi was
required, where would you get it (Microbes R Us)? And without the pines as a
co-symbiot, the cultivation endeavor would be short lived.<br>
<br>
This example might be a "poster child" to illustrate the importance
of plant communities and biodiversity. This of course underscores what
Mr. Hayes has spoken to in terms of development. No doubt about it though, if
we destroy enough, one day we will know everything, then what....<br>
<br>
Robin<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">-----Original Message----- <br>
From: Bob Beyfuss <br>
<rlb14@cornell.edu>Sent: Apr 27, 2007 9:50 AM <br>
To: Tony Hayes <herbalogic@yahoo.com>, Patricia_DeAngelis@fws.gov,
mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org <br>
Subject: Re: [MPWG] Fw: Pink Lady's Slipper cultivation <br>
<br>
<zzzhtml><zzzbody>Hello Everyone,<br>
I am pleased to see that some folks are interested in cultivation of plants
that are in demand. It seems to me that this is perhaps the most important
conservation tool but it is too often overlooked in lieu of making regulations.
The problems with regulations, as written or defined by agencies such as CITES
or US Fish and Wildlife or local Natural Resources agencies is that they are <br>
1.Not always appropriate in every situation. It is hard to design regulations
in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Washington</st1:place></st1:state>
that address the needs of plant communities across their range. One size does
not fit all when dealing with plant communities that range from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Georgia</st1:country-region> to <st1:state w:st="on">Maine</st1:state>
and west to <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Minnesota</st1:place></st1:state>
for example. <br>
2. Regulations are virtually impossible to enforce in the real world. There are
not nearly enough "Plant police" ie. conservation officers, game
wardens, forest rangers etc to even begin to enforce all the regulations and
many of them do not consider these issues a priority compared to their other
responsibilities. The result is that conscientious people who obey the rules
will do so but less civic minded people will not. <br>
3. Regulations ignore fundamental laws of supply and demand. In the case of
American ginseng, for example, restricting the legal harvest reduces supply
while demand remains constant or even increases as consumers become more
affluent. The inevitable result is that prices go up and this in turn
encourages much more illegal harvest from the poachers who ignore the
unenforceable regulations to begin with. <br>
4. Regulations are often based on incomplete or erroneous data. No one really
knows exactly how much of any given plant resource actually exists in the wild.
Organizations such as Nature Serve have been proven to be seriously incorrect
in their assessment of the status of ginseng in states such as <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Kentucky</st1:place></st1:state> and NY. Nature
Serve's classification of ginseng in KY lists it as having a total of perhaps
13,000 wild plants statewide and this data has been cited by US Fish and
Wildlife as cause for concern. At the same time US Fish and Wildlife has
certified for export an average of more than 5 million legally harvested wild
ginseng roots annually in KY? Massive errors such as this make most people
question the overall credibility of such agencies. <br>
5. Regulations overlook the positive role that many harvesters have played in
preserving wild populations. Ginseng has been responsibly stewarded for
generations by rural people in <st1:place w:st="on">Appalachia</st1:place>. It
is likely that absent this positive intervention many more populations would
have disappeared. Limiting or restricting harvest activities also reduces
their positive role in stewardship. <br>
6. Regulations are rarely evaluated to see if they are indeed working as
intended. Have the regulations imposed on the harvest of ginseng and goldenseal
actually resulted in populations rebounding across the range of the plant? Is
there any data to support the assumption that they have in the broad scale? Do
most regulations contain evaluation provisions? If not, they not be instated in
the first place. <br>
Personally I would much prefer that natural Resource agencies would focus much
more effort on cultivation of at risk plants. This seems to me the most
positive approach. If cultivated plants can replace wild plants in the
marketplace, wild populations will be at far less risk than current policies
dictate. <br>
Bob Beyfuss<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></zzzbody></zzzhtml></herbalogic@yahoo.com></rlb14@cornell.edu></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Patricia has made a
good point in reminding us that the initial post requested info specific to
cultivation and not regulatory listing. <br>
<br>
While I am not aware of which Fungal mycelia is essential for the survival of
C. acaule under cultivation, I understood from the grower I referenced that
pollination was his biggest hurdle. To imitate a specific wasp he used cotton
tip swabs to transfer pollen between individuals.<br>
<br>
Also levels of decaying matter on the forest floor increased at a higher than
normal rate during the site manipulation and enhancement studies carried on in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Quebec</st1:place></st1:state>. Basically
evergreen tree thinning and mulch mowing where the two main tools used on the
test site with the largest population increase of C. acaule. <br>
<br>
My personal observations in the wild have shown me a common relationship with
evergreen trees and their decaying barks. My guess is someone has already
tested soil samples taken from within native populations for microbials, etc.
and hopefully we can all get a chance to learn about it. <br>
<br>
Many of you may have noticed that I very rarely respond to these postings even
though I review them regularly. I have been monitoring the MPWG list serve for
a good while with many thanks to you all for your participation. I must admit
this particular situation struck a nerve of mine. <br>
<br>
As to references for habitat destruction and effect on medicinal plants I will
first refer to reports given last November during an American Ginseng workshop
sponsored by the KY Dept. Ag. and concerning loss of habitat through
development as the largest single reason for loss of test plots during the
State sponsored multi year monitoring program. I assume these findings are
reported periodically to FWS/OSA and are on file.<br>
Here is an article many of us read just last week on Mountain Top removal <a href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-18-mines_N.htm" target="_blank"><font color="green"><span style="color: green;">www.</span></font></a></span></font><b><u><font color="green" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: green; font-weight: bold;">usatoday</span></font></u></b><u><font color="green" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: green;"> <a href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-18-mines_N.htm" target="_blank">.com/news/nation/2007-04-18-mines_N.htm</a><br>
</span></font></u><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">I want to put in a plug for Appalachian
Voices here in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Boone</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">NC</st1:state></st1:place> so please check out <a href="http://www.ilovemountains.org/multimedia" target="_blank"><font color="green"><span style="color: green;">www.ilovemountains.org/multimedia</span></font></a></span></font><font color="green" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: green;"> </span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">for a better idea of
what's going on in, or should I say coming off our mountains?<br>
<br>
Best regards,<br>
Tony<br>
<br>
<b><i><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Patricia_DeAngelis@fws.gov</span></i></b>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Hi Tony! <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Thanks for your
message. I just want to clarify that <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Gary</st1:place></st1:city> is asking about cultivation
information. This e-mail was not an announcement of listing
action. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">The "article"
below is an excerpt from the "Plants" button on the MPWG website
(which is called Green Medicine, <www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal>).
The information is a bit dated as it was written a few years back and I hope
that we can soon update it. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">According
to the NatureServe website (<a href="http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/" target="_blank" eudora="autourl"> http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/</a>),
which is an important source of information for the federal government, the
global status of this species is secure. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">U.S.
& Canada State/Province Status</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">United
States Alabama (S3), Connecticut (SNR), Delaware (S5), District of Columbia
(SNR), Georgia (S4), Illinois (S1), Indiana (S3), Kentucky (S4), Maine (SNR),
Maryland (SNR), Massachusetts (SNR), Michigan (SNR), Minnesota (SNR), New
Hampshire (SNR), New Jersey (S4), New York (S4), North Carolina (S5), Ohio
(SNR), Pennsylvania (SNR), Rhode Island (S4), South Carolina (SNR), Tennessee
(S4), Vermont (SNR), Virginia (S5), West Virginia (S5), Wisconsin (SNR) </span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Canada Alberta (S3),
Labrador (SU), Manitoba (S4), New Brunswick (S4S5), Newfoundland Island (S4),
Northwest Territories (SNR), Nova Scotia (S5), Ontario (S5), Prince Edward
Island (S5), Quebec (S5), Saskatchewan (S4?) </span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">It's important to be
cautious in using this information as it is not complete about this information
as it is not complete (State-by-state status varies from no information to
secure) and may not have been updated recently (the status hasn't changed since
1984; the status was reviewed in 2002). But, it's important to note the
listing in Appendix II of CITES makes it illegal to export without a permit -
not illegal to export. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">I think you are
absolutely right that issues such as fair trade, community forestry,
sustainable livelihoods should not be thought of as something you do
abroad. Our country needs to be more introspective, we need to stop
sending our graduate students overseas to do their research, we need to have
more US-based development/funding programs that facilitate opportunities for
value-added medicinal plant products WITHIN the regions that they are
harvested, we need to do a better job of tracking and accounting for the
monetary value of medicinal plants to our economies and livelihoods, we need to
value the harvesters and the products a lot more than we do. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Unfortunately, I don't
have the time to pull something together, but would I'd be interested in seeing
more information on the effect of habitat destruction on medcinal plants - are
you aware of any recent information or analysis that could serve as a starting
point? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Thank
you, <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">-Patricia <br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Patricia
S. De Angelis, Ph.D.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Botanist
- Division of Scientific Authority<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Chair
- Plant Conservation <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Alliance</st1:place></st1:city>
- Medicinal Plant Working Group<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">US
Fish & Wildlife Service<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><st1:street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">4401 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 750</span></font></st1:address></st1:street><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Arlington</span></font></st1:city><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">, <st1:state w:st="on">VA</st1:state> <st1:postalcode w:st="on">22203</st1:postalcode></span></font></st1:place><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">703-358-1708
x1753<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">FAX:
703-358-2276<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Working
for the conservation and sustainable use of our green natural resources.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><<a href="http://www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal" target="_blank" eudora="autourl">
www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal</a>><br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Tony
Hayes <herbalogic@yahoo.com> </span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">04/25/2007
11:28 PM</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">To</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Patricia_DeAngelis@fws.gov,
mpwg@lists.plantconservation.org</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">cc</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Subject</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Re: [MPWG] Fw: Pink
Lady's Slipper cultivation</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">I am
reminded of the fiasco we had back in the eighties when FWS and CITES decided
to list this and other Orchid species under Appendix II. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">The
federal register came out with the OSA finding and suddenly a few States
including <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>
over reacted and immediately forbid any legal trade in these plants. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Ironically
there was a very successful cultivation of C. acaule going on in <st1:place w:st="on">North Georgia</st1:place> until it became illegal to sell the plant
material due to the plants CITES listing and the States reaction to same. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">The
company I worked for at the time had old Lady Slipper stock that was
grandfathered so we applied for and received an export permit but our customer
in Germany had to apply for an import permit and it was not issued until after
our original permit expired and we were not allowed to renew so we moved it out
bit by bit domestically over a long period of time. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">We
basically gave up on producing it in the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Then I got involved with a
group in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Quebec</st1:place></st1:state>
that did some timber thinning and other minimal site manipulation that lead to
increased populations of this and some other targeted understory species back
in the nineties but it didn't pay off either. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Now
as stated below in the " Greeen Machine" article there is a very
limited commercial market demand for "poor man's Valerian". It's hard
enough to make a living growing V. officinalis in this country, anyway that's
another story. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">I
just returned from another road trip today to pick up a few roots. Got up at
5:30 AM and back home around 8:30 PM after driving through the <st1:place w:st="on">Appalachians</st1:place>. It is obvious that clear cutting timber for
strip mining, shopping centers, multi-lane highways and worst of all mountain
top removal among other development is depleting our habitat and destroying
more flora than we can imagine. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">I can
supply seed or cuttings for many at risk species but they can't make it on
asphalt and concrete. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">I
would ask our Public officials and CITES representatives to consider looking
more at the large natural resource corporations and developers instead of the
lower income rural families to solve this dilemma. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Listing
species on CITES is not a silver bullet to saving them from a few diggers as a
matter of fact if they were not recognized by a few for there potential they
would probably not be as prolific as they are in many cases. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Industry
and consumers need to understand that "Fair Trade" needs to apply not
only to "3rd world" and "developing economies" but to rural
Appalachia and other rural parts of <st1:place w:st="on">North America</st1:place>
as well. Maybe if we consider this going forward a few poor folks in <st1:place w:st="on">Southern Appalachia</st1:place> can cultivate these plants legally
and profitably once again as they did before some well meaning person in a
glass cage with a degree and a computer came along and fixed it for them. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Best
regards, <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Tony <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Patricia_DeAngelis@fws.gov
wrote: <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Forwarding a question
from someone about Pink Lady's Slipper cultivation. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Please respond directly
to Gary Crivellone: <gary1star@comcast.net> <br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="purple" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: purple;">-----
Forwarded by Patricia De Angelis/ARL/R9/FWS/DOI on 04/25/2007 01:38 PM -----</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">"Pacific
Federal Resources /Gary Crivellone" <gary1star@comcast.net> </span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">04/23/2007
04:29 PM</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">To</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><Patricia_DeAngelis@fws.gov></span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">cc</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Subject</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="1"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Pink Lady's Slipper</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Patricia</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><br>
</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Green
Medicine published this incomplete info on pink lady�s Slipper. What I
am looking for is what fungal mycelia is required for the cultivation.</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><br>
</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">If you
could be of assistance.</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><br>
</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">THANKS</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><br>
</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">GARY
CRIVELLONE</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><br>
</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><br>
</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="5"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Pink Lady's Slipper</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Photo
Copyright 2000 </span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><a href="http://www.nps.gov/cgi-bin/intercept3?http://www.stevenfoster.com" target="_blank"><font face="Arial"><span style="font-family: Arial;">www.stevenfoster.com</span></font></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">(Cypripedium
acaule)</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Pink
lady's slipper is a large, showy wildflower belonging to the orchid family. The
root of lady's slipper has traditionally been used as a remedy for nervousness,
tooth pain, and muscle spasms. In the 1800's and 1900's it (and other species
of the genus) were widely used as a substitute for the European plant valerian
(also a sedative). </span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Because
this plant has an extremely long life cycle, taking many years to go from seed
to mature, seed-bearing plant, and because it will grow only in very specific
circumstances, the harvest of wild lady's slipper root is often not
sustainable. Cultivation is challenging, and the plant has not been widely
grown for the medicinal herb market. Cypripedium, along with other orchid
species, is listed in Appendix II of CITES, making it illegal to export any
part of the plant without a permit. In 1988, the American Herbal Products
Association issued a self-regulatory initiative for its members requiring them
to refrain from trade in wild-harvested Cypripedium. </span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Today,
there are only a few companies selling lady's slipper or products containing
lady's slipper. The plant is still occasionally gathered from the wild for
private use by individuals, and is sometimes picked as an ornamental. Perhaps
the greatest threat to this plant, however, is habitat loss, since it grows
only in a very selective habitat </span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Cultivation:
Pink lady's slipper grows in calcium-containing soils, in forested areas. It
has thus far proven nearly impossible to cultivate in a way that would make it
feasible as a cash crop. It requires that certain fungal mycelia be present in
the soil, so it is almost necessary to grow it in a forested area which either
does contain wild lady's slipper, or is at least the type of environment where
it is normally found. Usually this means a wet forest area, with dappled shade.
Success has been reported in growing lady's slippers in a controlled laboratory
environment, but the cost of this generally makes it unprofitable as a
medicinal herb.</span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Disclaimer
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Any advice given on
this list regarding diagnosis or treatments etc. reflects ONLY the opinion of
the individual who posts the message. The information contained in posts is not
intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice
relative to your specific medical condition or question. All medical and other
healthcare information that is discussed on this list should be carefully
reviewed by the individual reader and their qualified healthcare professional.
Posts do not reflect any official opinions or positions of the Plant Conservation
Alliance. <br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Anthony
J. Hayes, President <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Ridge
Runner Trading Company, Inc. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><st1:address w:st="on"><st1:street w:st="on"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">P.O. Box</span></font></st1:street><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> 391</span></font></st1:address><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Boone</span></font></st1:city><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">, <st1:state w:st="on">NC</st1:state> <st1:postalcode w:st="on">28607</st1:postalcode></span></font></st1:place><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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828.264.3615 <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">FX:
828.262.3605 <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="blue" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: blue;"><a href="mailto:herbalogic@yahoo.com" target="_blank">herbalogic@yahoo.com</a></span></font><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">PCA's
Medicinal Plant Working Group mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">MPWG@lists.plantconservation.org<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;"><a href="http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/mpwg_lists.plantconservation.org" target="_blank" eudora="autourl">http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/mpwg_lists.plantconservation.org</a>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">To unsubscribe, send an
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Disclaimer
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><font color="black" face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Any
advice given on this list regarding diagnosis or treatments etc. reflects ONLY
the opinion of the individual who posts the message. The information contained
in posts is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional
medical advice relative to your specific medical condition or question. All
medical and other healthcare information that is discussed on this list should
be carefully reviewed by the individual reader and their qualified healthcare
professional. Posts do not reflect any official opinions or positions of the
Plant Conservation Alliance. <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Anthony J. Hayes, President Ridge Runner Trading Company, Inc. <st1:address w:st="on"><st1:street w:st="on">P.O. Box 391</st1:street> <st1:city w:st="on">Boone</st1:city>,
<st1:state w:st="on">NC</st1:state> <st1:postalcode w:st="on">28607</st1:postalcode></st1:address>
PH: 828.264.3615 FX: 828.262.3605 <a href="mailto:herbalogic@yahoo.com" target="_blank">herbalogic@yahoo.com</a> <br>
_______________________________________________<br>
PCA's Medicinal Plant Working Group mailing list<br>
MPWG@lists.plantconservation.org<br>
<a href="http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/mpwg_lists.plantconservation.org" target="_blank" eudora="autourl">http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/mpwg_lists.plantconservation.org</a>
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To unsubscribe, send an e-mail to <st1:personname w:st="on">MPWG-request@lists.plantconservation.org</st1:personname>
with the word "unsubscribe" in the subject line.<br>
<br>
Disclaimer
<br>
Any advice given on this list regarding diagnosis or treatments etc. reflects
ONLY the opinion of the individual who posts the message. The information
contained in posts is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for
professional medical advice relative to your specific medical condition or
question. All medical and other healthcare information that is discussed on
this list should be carefully reviewed by the individual reader and their
qualified healthcare professional. Posts do not reflect any official opinions
or positions of the Plant Conservation
Alliance.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Robin Alton Suggs<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">MoonBranch Botanicals<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><st1:street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">5294 Yellow Creek Road</span></font></st1:address></st1:street><font color="black"><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Robbinsville</span></font></st1:city><font color="black"><span style="color: black;">, <st1:state w:st="on">North Carolina</st1:state> <st1:postalcode w:st="on">28771</st1:postalcode></span></font></st1:place><font color="black"><span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">USA</span></font></st1:place></st1:country-region><font color="black"><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Telephone: 828.479.2788<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">moonbranch@earthlink.net<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">www.moonbranch.com<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Member:<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">American Herbalist Guild<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Co-op <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region> <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Green Products <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Alliance</st1:place></st1:city> <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">National Network of <st1:place w:st="on">Forest</st1:place> Practitioners<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">North Carolina</span></font></st1:place></st1:state><font color="black"><span style="color: black;"> Consortium on Natural Medicines <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">North Carolina</span></font></st1:place></st1:state><font color="black"><span style="color: black;"> Goodness Grows/NCDA&CS <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">North Carolina</span></font></st1:place></st1:state><font color="black"><span style="color: black;"> Natural Products Association<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><st1:place w:st="on"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Southwestern North Carolina</span></font></st1:place><font color="black"><span style="color: black;"> RC&D Council<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">United Plant Savers <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre><pre style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font color="black" face="Courier New" size="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">"We have no choice but to respect that which sustains us."<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre></div>
</div>
</blockquote></div></body><PRE>
Robin Alton Suggs
MoonBranch Botanicals
5294 Yellow Creek Road
Robbinsville, North Carolina 28771
USA
Telephone: 828.479.2788
moonbranch@earthlink.net
www.moonbranch.com
Member:
American Herbalist Guild
Co-op America
Green Products Alliance
National Network of Forest Practitioners
North Carolina Consortium on Natural Medicines
North Carolina Goodness Grows/NCDA&CS
North Carolina Natural Products Association
Southwestern North Carolina RC&D Council
United Plant Savers
"We have no choice but to respect that which sustains us."</PRE>