[MPWG] Alfalfa's Natural Irony: Allelopathic, Autotoxic, Now Roundup Ready
Elizabeth Kirchner
ekirchner at aibs.org
Wed May 18 09:25:02 CDT 2011
I know exactly what you mean. Had CSA written, "/Ideally/, time and
weather allow a farmer to cut alfalfa before it flowers, minimizing
lignin production, boosting digestibility in dairy cows...," I wouldn't
have minded. But the writer seems incapable of teasing apart - or even
acknowledging - the many and nuanced issues he presents.
"...lacks the right bees.." seemed compelling enough to elicit at least
a corroborating sentence, if not a story in itself, since, in places
where alfalfa is grown for seed, state Extension gives a lot of advice
to farmers about managing alfalfa leafcutter and bumble bees because
there really are insufficient naturally occurring bee populations to
provide all of the pollinators needed to support a highly productive
seed crop, so farmers who raise alfalfa, often also raise its
pollinators. But whether the population level is naturally inadequate,
or was obliterated by pesticides and habitat loss, CSA doesn't say.
Auto-toxicity-wise, alfalfa produces exudates that suppress alfalfa seed
germination and seedling growth - that's autotoxicity, and it varies
among cultivars, but makes managing alfalfa in anything but a long-term
crop rotation, or overseeding into a forage crop, a big crop management
tussle. Interestingly, in allelopathy studies, alfalfa also inhibits the
growth of some weeds, like giant foxtail and lambsquarter, but, as luck
would have it, alfalfa also inhibits the growth of some crops, like
soybeans.
Studies of alfalfa's autotoxic and allelopathic nature were interested
in natural weed control. But alfalfa's naturally occurring weed control
potential is unpatentable - Monsanto's answer is RR GM alfalfa,
poo-pooing herbicide-resistance fears, and with USDA Jan 2011 blessing
here:
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/27/gmo-alfalfa-usda-idUSN2727513020110127).
Robert Layton Beyfuss wrote:
>
> The article is certainly biased and not exactly accurate. It says that
> “First, it's cut for hay before it flowers” (Really? Alfalfa has
> the most protein right at flowering and where I live less than 10% of
> it is cut before it flowers. Weather dictates when hay get harvested,
> not Monsanto.) “those flowers are autotoxic, (what does that mean?)
> and "most hay-growing regions...lack the right bees." (Hay growing
> regions???? Almost every dairy farm in America grows alfalfa from
> coast to coast) “With these barriers in mind, alfalfa is regulated
> with the notion that 165 feet protects non-GMOs from
> cross-contamination” (Notion is right! It is a notion that 165 feet
> will prevent cross pollination, a notion that is not supported. by
> evidence other than that which is based on the incorrect assumptions
> as stated above)
>
>
>
> *From:* mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org
> [mailto:mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org] *On Behalf Of
> *Edward Fletcher
> *Sent:* Tuesday, May 17, 2011 3:48 PM
> *To:* 'Elizabeth Kirchner'; mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org
> *Subject:* Re: [MPWG] Roundup Ready Alfalfa: A Solution without a Problem
>
>
>
> /*All very interesting information to know about, but the linked
> article on Round-up Ready Alfalfa has lots of input from */
>
> /*a 'non-profit' who exists by researching & developing RR crops for
> farmers and has worked with Monsanto in the past. So we must consider
> the source.....*/
>
> -----Original Message-----
> *From:* "mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org"
> <mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org>
> *Sent:* 5/17/2011 10:26 AM
> *To:* "mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org"
> <mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org>
> *Subject:* [MPWG] Roundup Ready Alfalfa: A Solution without a Problem
>
>
>
> The Crop Science Socity of America's CSA News May issue examines
> the benefits, costs, and potential for genetic cross-contamination
> in alfalfa. https://www.crops.org/publications/csa-news The
> article discusses the significant regulation in place to protect
> conventional alfalfa from Roundup-resistant GM alfalfa - a trait
> critics call a solution to a non-existent problem - but may also
> impede the development of GM cultivars that merely expand
> naturally occurring traits.
>
> The article describes the reasoning behind regulations. Explaining
> that there are a number of natural barriers to
> cross-contamination in alfalfa. First, it's cut for hay before it
> flowers, those flowers are autotoxic, and "most hay-growing
> regions...lack the right bees." With these barriers in mind,
> alfalfa is regulated with the notion that 165 feet protects
> non-GMOs from cross-contamination.
>
> The concern, though, is that alfalfa is also grown for seed - 20%
> of the alfalfa grown in the US is exported as seed. As you
> recall, in the early 2000s, scientists planted Roundup Ready
> alfalfa, surrounding it at various distances with "trap" crops of
> conventional alfalfa. They let the seed ripen, harvested the trap
> crops, grew them out, and sprayed them with Roundup. They were
> able to measure very low levels of gene flow and their findings
> became "...the basis for the best practices and stewardship
> programs adopted by the National Alfalfa and Forage Alliance -
> adopted to curb transgene flow," explains CSA News.Â
>
> The isolation distance for Roundup Ready alfalfa pollinated by
> honeybees is 3 miles. A farmer who wants to plant RR alfalfa first
> visits his or her state seed certification office who checks
> whether the farmer meets the requirement, later conducts a field
> visit, and monitors, then submits data to a national database on
> accidental presence of transgenes in non-GM seed.
>
> One of the most important things the article clarifies is that,
> although Roundup-resistance give a completely new trait to
> alfalfa, other transgenes just broaden a plant's genetic
> variation. The example is a transgene that reduces lignin
> production in alfalfa. If you can reduce the amount of lignin in
> the alfalfa, cows digest more carbohydrate, reduce manure
> production, and farmers can cut higher yields, but fewer times per
> year saving energy and time.
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Robert Layton Beyfuss wrote:
>
> I wonder if these GMO plants will be considered as new species?
> The test of a species identity is its reproductive capacity and I
> assume they can still cross breed with non GMO’s of the same
> species they started out as. Â There is no doubt that the
> artificially inserted genes can “escape†and confer their
> specific traits onto other plants via pollen and perhaps via
> insects such as leafhoppers feeding on them. Ironically, the
> plants that accidently acquire the new genes are probably the
> property of the company that created their parents (Monsanto).
> Seems to me that weeds which are now resistant to Round Up, ie
> glyphosate as a result of this technology should be the
> responsibility of Monsanto. So farmers who have to use alternative
> herbicides to control these weeds should be compensated by Monsanto.
>
> Â
>
> *From:* mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org
> <mailto:mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org>
> [mailto:mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org] *On Behalf Of
> *MoonBranch Botanicals
> *Sent:* Monday, May 16, 2011 3:39 PM
> *To:* Patricia_DeAngelis at fws.gov
> <mailto:Patricia_DeAngelis at fws.gov>; ForestRuss at aol.com
> <mailto:ForestRuss at aol.com>
> *Cc:* mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org
> <mailto:mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org>
> *Subject:* Re: [MPWG] Bipolaris in WV
>
> Â
>
> Hi All, and thanks Russ and Patricia for the info and update.
>
> I have a question for the group especially in light of this
> example of where Microstegium has become such a pest and there is
> much focus on and money spent preventing the spread/introduction
> of and/or controlling "exotic invasive" species. Using that same
> terminology, "exotic invasive" as something that occurs naturally
> outside the habitat into which it is introduced and thus becomes a
> problem, I am curious as to why we as a group in specific as well
> as our society in general does not voice more "concern" (put
> mildly) over the introduction, whether intentional or accidental,
> of "new" genetically modified organisms into the environment?
>
> To introduce a species into a new environment or habitat is one
> thing, but to take a previously unknown (with regards to it habits
> in an uncontrolled environment) species and to allow or perhaps
> fail to prevent it's introduction into the biosphere seems like a
> much more dangerous proposition in terms of potential
> consequences. Furthermore, many agencies and bureaus within or
> under the umbrella of the same (US in this case) government are
> avidly promoting the control of these naturally occurring exotics
> while "sister" agencies are not only allowing but sometimes
> promoting the use of and introduction into the natural world
> these previously unknown genetically modified organisms, GMOs if
> you will.
>
> I have read that scientific research of exotic invasives show a
> net negative effect on the ecosystems within which they invade in
> terms of threatening biodiversity, thus prompting efforts to
> prevent their spread or failing that, initiate their control. I
> have also read of scientific research that says that GMO's
> however, while completely unknown as to their interspecific
> interactions outside of a controlled environment pose no threat.
> This of course begs another question. Does scientific methodology
> vary from agency to agency as the scenario created is otherwise
> completely void of any and all logic.
>
> Any thoughts, anyone?
>
> Â
>
> And, not coincidentally this recent interview of Dr. Huber, a
> noted plant pathologist from Purdue University may be of some
> interest to some of you: *http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzlwAAf9DRg*
>
> Â
>
> Thanks and I'll be looking forward to replies,
>
> Robin
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Patricia_DeAngelis at fws.gov
> <mailto:Patricia_DeAngelis at fws.gov>
> Sent: May 16, 2011 12:35 PM
> To: ForestRuss at aol.com <mailto:ForestRuss at aol.com>
> Cc: mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org
> <mailto:mpwg at lists.plantconservation.org>
> Subject: Re: [MPWG] Bipolaris in WV
>
>
> So, I see that this fungus is native to Appalachia. Has the
> research also looked into whether/how this fungus is impacting
> native plants in the understory (such as black cohosh)?
>
> I've just seen mention in a 2008 report that anthracnose was
> diagnosed on black cohosh (and pitcher plants) that year,
> which may be the black splotching I saw on BC in the woods a
> couple years ago. Â See VaTech's Plant Disease Clinic 2008
> Report for further info on that (p. iv):
> http://www.ppws.vt.edu/~clinic/reports/clinic_report_2008.pdf
> <http://www.ppws.vt.edu/%7Eclinic/reports/clinic_report_2008.pdf>
>
> Thanks,
> Patricia
>
> Patricia S. De Angelis, Ph.D.
> Botanist - Division of Scientific Authority
> Chair - Plant Conservation Alliance - Medicinal Plant Working
> Group
> US Fish & Wildlife Service
> 4401 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 110
> Arlington, VA Â 22203
> 703-358-1708 x1753
> FAX: 703-358-2276
>
> Promoting sustainable use and conservation of our native
> medicinal plants.
> <www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal
> <http://www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal>>
>
>
>
> *ForestRuss at aol.com <mailto:ForestRuss at aol.com>*
> Sent by: mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org
> <mailto:mpwg-bounces at lists.plantconservation.org>
>
> 05/16/2011 11:01 AM
>
>
>
> To
>
>
>
> MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org
> <mailto:MPWG at lists.plantconservation.org>
>
> cc
>
>
>
> Subject
>
>
>
> [MPWG] Bipolaris in WV
>
> Â
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> MPWG:
> Â
> The Bipolaris fungus has again appeared in central WV.
> Â
> The first Microstegium plants started to germinate in mid
> April and within two weeks seedlings were starting to sport
> Bipolaris lesions. Â In many locations the lower blades of the
> stiltgrass plants had already died and in a few areas the
> plants appeared to die almost as soon as they germinated.
> Â The photo below was taken in an area that is at the leading
> edge of a SG invasion....hopefully the end of a SG invasion.
>
> In some areas nearly every individual stiltgrass plant was
> showing signs of infection by Bipolaris within two weeks of
> gernination.
> Â
> By mid May the infection has spread throughout this
> population. Â In many areas the stiltgrass is becoming non
> competitive as the foliage dies back and the surrounding
> native vegetation overtakes and dominates the ground cover.
> Â
> The "persistent" thatch produced by stiltgrass that lives
> through its' full life cycle appears to rot very quickly in
> the face of a Bipolaris infection. Â There are some areas
> where Bipolaris has been active for several years and neither
> thatch or healthy Mv seedlings are present.
> Â
> For people wishing to see Bipolaris in action, we will be
> hosting a program at Crummies Creek Demonstration Forest in
> cooperation with the West Virginia University Extension, the
> Woodland Owners Association of WV and the National Woodland
> Owners Association on Saturday June 25 and some of the session
> will involve visits to areas where Bipolaris has been active
> for several years as well as areas subjected to annual
> mechanical control for over ten years. Â
> Â
> Special permits to move Bipolaris infected plants to other
> parts of West Virginia are available through the WV Department
> of Agriculture. Â Intentional movement of diseased plants from
> WV is possible as long as a permit is obtained from APHIS. Â
> Â
> However, Bipolaris, which appears to be native to the central
> Appalachians showed up in Maryland and Virginia last year and
> the wet spring of 2011 has not hampered the spread of the
> fungus so it should be expected in more locations this summer.
> Â
> Look for additional updates as the growing season progresses.
> Â
> Sincerely,
> Â
> Russ Richardson, Certified Forester
> PO Box 207
> Arnoldsburg, WV 25234
> _______________________________________________
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> medical advice relative to your specific medical condition or
> question. All medical and other healthcare information that is
> discussed on this list should be carefully reviewed by the
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> Plant Conservation Alliance. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
> Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
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> Â
>
> Â
>
> Robin Alton Suggs
>
> MoonBranch Botanicals
>
> 5294 Yellow Creek Road
>
> Robbinsville, North Carolina 28771
>
> USA
>
> Â
>
> Telephone: 828.479.2788
>
> Email: moonbranch at earthlink.net <mailto:moonbranch at earthlink.net>
>
> Websites:
>
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>
> Â
>
> Member:
>
> Appalachian Sustainable Agriculture Project; Farm Partner
>
> Green Products Alliance
>
> North Carolina Consortium on Natural Medicines
>
> North Carolina Goodness Grows/NCDA&CS
>
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>
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>
> Â
>
> "Truth has to be repeated constantly, because Error also is being preached all the time, and not just by a few, but by the multitude.Â
>
> In the Press and Encyclopaedias, in Schools and Universities, everywhere Error holds sway, feeling happy and comfortable in the knowledge of having Majority on its side."
>
> -Goethe
>
> Â
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> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
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> Disclaimer
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> Any advice given on this list regarding diagnosis or treatments etc. reflects ONLY the opinion of the individual who posts the message. The information contained in posts is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice relative to your specific medical condition or question. All medical and other healthcare information that is discussed on this list should be carefully reviewed by the individual reader and their qualified healthcare professional. Posts do not reflect any official opinions or positions of the Plant Conservation Alliance.
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