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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09583157.2024.2343110">Fungal plant pathogen Colletotrichum shisoi identified as a potential biological control agent of invasive Perilla frutescens in the United States: Biocontrol Science and Technology: Vol 34 , No 4 - Get Access (tandfonline.com)</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.85pt'><b><span style='font-size:17.0pt;font-family:"PT Serif",serif;color:#333333'>ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in'><i><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'>Perilla frutescens</span></i><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'> (L.) Britton, an annual plant in the mint family, is considered invasive in the United States where it excludes native vegetation in natural areas and can cause respiratory illness in livestock. An effective biological control agent would improve perilla management, but none have been developed or proposed. This study investigated the biocontrol potential of a fungal pathogen, <i>Colletotrichum shisoi</i>, recently found infecting perilla in North America. The growth rates and morphology of seven <i>Colletotrichum shisoi</i> isolates were recorded. A virulence assay was performed on two perilla accessions, and the number and size of foliar lesions produced were used to select a single isolate, <i>Colletotrichum shisoi</i> isolate 21-072, exhibiting consistently high virulence for further evaluation of biocontrol efficacy and host specificity. Treatment with 0.5 mL of 1 × 10</span><sup><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'>7</span></sup><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'> spores/mL H</span><sub><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'>2</span></sub><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'>O caused a 52% reduction in shoot height and 84% reduction in root length of invasive perilla seedlings compared to a control treatment (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Seedlings treated with 1 × 10</span><sup><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'>8</span></sup><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'> spores/mL had a 100% mortality rate. Formulation of inoculum in a 1:1 water:oil emulsion reduced dew period requirements for causing >50% plant mortality from 48 to 24 h, but oil emulsions exhibited a mild phytotoxic effect on seedlings. Four additional perilla accessions were susceptible to <i>C. shisoi,</i> and none of 34 other species included in host range experiments developed disease symptoms following inoculation. These results suggest <i>C. shisoi</i> 21-072 could be an effective antagonist of perilla and likely poses a low risk of non-target impacts.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'>KEYWORDS: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><ul type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif'><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/Invasive"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:white;background:#006DB4;text-decoration:none'>Invasive</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif'><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/weed"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:white;background:#006DB4;text-decoration:none'>weed</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif'><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/pathogen"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:white;background:#006DB4;text-decoration:none'>pathogen</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif'><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/fungus"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:white;background:#006DB4;text-decoration:none'>fungus</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif'><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/perilla"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:white;background:#006DB4;text-decoration:none'>perilla</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif'><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/Colletotrichum"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:white;background:#006DB4;text-decoration:none'>Colletotrichum</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:20.25pt'><b><span style='font-size:15.5pt;font-family:"PT Serif",serif;color:#333333'>Acknowledgements<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'>The preparation of this manuscript was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service through Project 8044-33000-047-000-D. The findings and conclusions in this publication are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent any official USDA or U.S. Government determination or policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this report is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Pathogen isolates were collected from the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historic Park under permit CHOH-2021-SCI-0023 and in collaboration with A. Landsman and L. Strickler.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:21.0pt;line-height:21.85pt'><b><span style='font-size:17.0pt;font-family:"PT Serif",serif;color:#333333'>Data availability<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'>Data and computer software code used in the preparation of this manuscript will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:21.0pt;line-height:21.85pt'><b><span style='font-size:17.0pt;font-family:"PT Serif",serif;color:#333333'>Disclosure statement<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'>No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:9.95pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.95pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:27.0pt'><b><span style='font-size:17.0pt;font-family:"PT Serif",serif;color:#333333'>Additional information<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:20.25pt'><b><span style='font-size:15.5pt;font-family:"PT Serif",serif;color:#333333'>Funding<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;color:#333333'>The preparation of this manuscript was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service through Project 8044-33000-047-000-D.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> <a href="mailto:wildmarcimlay@gmail.com">wildmarcimlay@gmail.com</a> <<a href="mailto:wildmarcimlay@gmail.com">wildmarcimlay@gmail.com</a>> <br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, July 09, 2024 5:44 PM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:wildmarcimlay@gmail.com">wildmarcimlay@gmail.com</a>; 'MAIPC Board' <<a href="mailto:maipc-brd@lists.maipc.org">maipc-brd@lists.maipc.org</a>>; 'apwg' <<a href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</a>>; 'Lily Fountain' <<a href="mailto:lilyfountain2015@gmail.com">lilyfountain2015@gmail.com</a>>; 'michael wilpers' <<a href="mailto:mwilpers@yahoo.com">mwilpers@yahoo.com</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> FW: [External Email]RE: Update perilla mint biocontrol <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> Fulcher, Michael - REE-ARS <<a href="mailto:Michael.Fulcher@usda.gov">Michael.Fulcher@usda.gov</a>> <br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, July 09, 2024 1:03 PM<br><b>To:</b> Tancos, Matthew - REE-ARS <<a href="mailto:matthew.tancos@usda.gov">matthew.tancos@usda.gov</a>>; Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a>>; 'Jil Swearingen' <<a href="mailto:jilswearingen@gmail.com">jilswearingen@gmail.com</a>><br><b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:wildmarcimlay@gmail.com">wildmarcimlay@gmail.com</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [External Email]RE: Update<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Hi Marc,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Taking this opportunity to provide an update on perilla mint biocontrol – We have been working with the National Park Service to find additional release and evaluation field sites in our region. The fungal pathogen <i>Colletotrichum shisoi </i>has been redistributed to several locations where it was previously absent, and we are in our second year of field trials. Last year we confirmed that the pathogen can effectively control perilla in small plots under favorable conditions. This year we are evaluating two different release timings, comparing the agent's efficacy to hand removal, and measuring the distance of pathogen spread after initial release. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Attaching two recent scientific publications on this agent for your reference.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Mike<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=Signature><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#242424'>Michael R. Fulcher, PhD</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#242424'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#242424'>Research Plant Pathologist</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#242424'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#242424'>USDA-ARS-NEA</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#242424'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#242424'>Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#242424'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#242424'>1301 Ditto Ave.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#242424'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#242424'>Ft. Detrick, MD 21702</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#242424'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#242424'>Tel: 301-619-2343</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#242424'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#242424'>Fax: 301-619-2880</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#242424'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#242424'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p style='background:white'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#ED7D31;background:white'>ADVANCE NOTICE OF LEAVE:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#242424'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><hr size=2 width="98%" align=center></div><div id=divRplyFwdMsg><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'> Tancos, Matthew - REE-ARS <<a href="mailto:matthew.tancos@usda.gov">matthew.tancos@usda.gov</a>><br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, July 9, 2024 12:03 PM<br><b>To:</b> Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a>>; 'Jil Swearingen' <<a href="mailto:jilswearingen@gmail.com">jilswearingen@gmail.com</a>><br><b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:wildmarcimlay@gmail.com">wildmarcimlay@gmail.com</a> <<a href="mailto:wildmarcimlay@gmail.com">wildmarcimlay@gmail.com</a>>; Fulcher, Michael - REE-ARS <<a href="mailto:Michael.Fulcher@usda.gov">Michael.Fulcher@usda.gov</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [External Email]RE: Update</span> <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Hi Marc,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>TAG approval is only required for foreign agents. Domestic ones do not require TAG approval. We require APHIS approval to move native pathogens and perform field trials, but EPA approval would be required to distribute the native pathogen on a wider basis (biopesticide registration). <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>We do not have any foreign pathogens targeting East coast/Mid-Atlantic weeds with TAG at the moment. We have foreign pathogens that we recently received (this summer) that target Mid-Atlantic weeds, but they still need to be characterized and tested for host specificity before TAG submission (several years). Foreign pathogens at the TAG stage are currently targeting rangeland weeds in the western U.S. However, Mike Fulcher is performing field trials on his domestic Colletotrichum shisoi pathogen of perilla mint in Maryland, Virginia, and D.C.. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Hope all is well!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>best,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Matt<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id="x_Signature"><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#201F1E'>Matthew A. Tancos, PhD.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#201F1E'>Research Plant Pathologist</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#242424;background:white'>USDA-ARS-NEA</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#201F1E'>Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#201F1E'>1301 Ditto Avenue</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#201F1E'>Fort Detrick, MD 21702</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#201F1E'>Tel: 301-619-7386</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#242424'>Fax: 301-619-2880</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style='background:white'><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#ED5C57;background:white'>ADVANCE NOTICE OF LEAVE:</span></b><o:p></o:p></p></div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><hr size=2 width="98%" align=center></div><div id="x_divRplyFwdMsg"><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'> Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a>><br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, July 6, 2024 4:21 PM<br><b>To:</b> Tancos, Matthew - REE-ARS <<a href="mailto:matthew.tancos@usda.gov">matthew.tancos@usda.gov</a>>; 'Jil Swearingen' <<a href="mailto:jilswearingen@gmail.com">jilswearingen@gmail.com</a>><br><b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:wildmarcimlay@gmail.com">wildmarcimlay@gmail.com</a> <<a href="mailto:wildmarcimlay@gmail.com">wildmarcimlay@gmail.com</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> [External Email]RE: Update</span> <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div style='border:solid greenyellow 1.5pt;padding:1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt;margin-left:1.5pt;margin-top:1.5pt;margin-right:1.5pt;margin-bottom:1.5pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='background:ghostwhite'><span style='font-size:9.5pt;color:black;background:greenyellow'>[External Email]</span><span style='font-size:9.5pt;color:black'> <br>If this message comes from an <b>unexpected sender</b> or references a <b>vague/unexpected topic;</b> <br>Use caution before clicking links or opening attachments.<br>Please send any concerns or suspicious messages to: <a href="mailto:Spam.Abuse@usda.gov">Spam.Abuse@usda.gov</a> </span><span style='font-size:9.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=xxmsonormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=xxmsonormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>So what biocontrols is the TAG considering now for invasives near us?</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=xxmsonormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=xxmsonormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Wild Marc</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="x_x_DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellpadding=0 style='border:none;border-top:solid #D3D4DE 1.0pt'><tr><td width=55 style='width:41.25pt;border:none;padding:9.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient" target="_blank"><span style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=46 height=29 style='width:.4791in;height:.302in' id="_x0000_i1027" src="https://s-install.avcdn.net/ipm/preview/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=470 style='width:352.5pt;border:none;padding:9.0pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:13.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#41424E'>Virus-free.<a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient" target="_blank"><span style='color:#4453EA'>www.avast.com</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><br><br>This electronic message contains information generated by the USDA solely for the intended recipients. Any unauthorized interception of this message or the use or disclosure of the information it contains may violate the law and subject the violator to civil or criminal penalties. If you believe you have received this message in error, please notify the sender and delete the email immediately. <o:p></o:p></p></div></body></html>