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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> Bruckart, William <<a href="mailto:William.Bruckart@ARS.USDA.GOV">William.Bruckart@ARS.USDA.GOV</a>> <br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, October 22, 2015 11:40 AM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a>; 'Hough-Goldstein, J A' <<a href="mailto:jhough@udel.edu">jhough@udel.edu</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> RE: host for bio controls of mivcrostegium off season<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Correct, Marc. These rust fungi would overwinter as telia on U.S. Microstegium, if it’s susceptible. We are assuming plants from each region are the same. We are also learning about extremes of variability in susceptibility within U.S. populations to Bipolaris microstegii, so there might be need to develop this understanding about Microstegium vimineum for the rust diseases (and insects?). Details to follow, hopefully. Cheers!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>William L. Bruckart, III<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>USDA, ARS, FDWSRU<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>1301 Ditto Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Ft. Detrick, MD 21702<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> Phone: 301/619-2846<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> Email: <a href="mailto:william.bruckart@ars.usda.gov">william.bruckart@ars.usda.gov</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> Marc Imlay [<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">mailto:ialm@erols.com</a>] <br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, October 22, 2015 11:32 AM<br><b>To:</b> Bruckart, William; 'Hough-Goldstein, J A'<br><b>Subject:</b> RE: host for bio controls of mivcrostegium off season<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>So if a species of Puccinia in Asia is verified to be host specific on Microstegium it would be host specific on Japanese Stilt grass in America since this is the only species in the genus Microstegium in America as I understand it. And nothing else would need to be brought over to support it in the Winter time. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Marc<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> Bruckart, William [<a href="mailto:William.Bruckart@ARS.USDA.GOV">mailto:William.Bruckart@ARS.USDA.GOV</a>] <br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, October 22, 2015 9:17 AM<br><b>To:</b> Hough-Goldstein, J A <<a href="mailto:jhough@udel.edu">jhough@udel.edu</a>>; <a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a><br><b>Subject:</b> RE: host for bio controls of mivcrostegium off season<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Hi Marc and Judy,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>I appreciate the update from Judy about the insects. For the fungi, there are a couple of mechanisms. Rust fungi in the genus Puccinia have several spore forms in their life cycle, one of which is the teliospore, packed into a pustule called a telium. Teliospores are thick-walled, melanized (dark brown) able to withstand harsh environmental conditions. This is the overwintering stage of the fungus, and it germinates in the spring, producing basidiospores that cause the initial infections of the new season.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>The Bipolaris you mentioned (there’s one on Japanese stiltgrass; not sure about Microstegium), is a facultative saprophyte, i.e., it can live saprophytically on dead or dying plant material. These overwinter in leaf litter, either from the host or other plants, often in various hard or embedded structures that facilitate survival. When conditions are favorable in the spring, spores are released from these structures and initiate a new disease cycle.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>I trust that helps, Marc. Let me know if there are other questions. Thanks again for opportunity at the BioBlitz. It was very good to be there.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Cheers!<br>Bill<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>William L. Bruckart, III<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>USDA, ARS, FDWSRU<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>1301 Ditto Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Ft. Detrick, MD 21702<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> Phone: 301/619-2846<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> Email: <a href="mailto:william.bruckart@ars.usda.gov">william.bruckart@ars.usda.gov</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> Hough-Goldstein, J A [<a href="mailto:jhough@udel.edu">mailto:jhough@udel.edu</a>] <br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, October 22, 2015 8:28 AM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a>; Bruckart, William<br><b>Subject:</b> RE: host for bio controls of mivcrostegium off season<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Mark,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>After gorging on the plant in the fall before the frost kills it, the mile-a-minute weevil adults spend the winter in the soil or leaf litter (probably under the plant, but they may go into the woods as many insects do that overwinter as adults – we don’t know) – in a state of “hibernation” (probably not a true diapause, since people see them wandering around on warm days in winter). Not sure about the fungi.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Judy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> Marc Imlay [<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">mailto:ialm@erols.com</a>] <br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, October 22, 2015 6:00 AM<br><b>To:</b> Bruckart, William; Hough-Goldstein, J A<br><b>Subject:</b> host for bio controls of mivcrostegium off season<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Hi Bill and Judy,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>I was asked what would be the hosts for bio controls of Microstegium off season. The weevils for mile-a-minute live in the plant in the winter. A biocontrol for wavyleaf might live in the roots in the winter. For Microstegium where would the native Bipolaris, or non-native Puccinia or insects hang out from November to June?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:blue'>Marc Imlay, PhD, Chair, Biological control working Group </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'> </span></b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:blue'>Conservation biologist, Park Ranger Office, Non-native Invasive Plant Control coordinator. <br><u>(301) 442-5657</u> cell </span></b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com" target="_blank" title="blocked::mailto:ialm@erols.com"><span style='color:blue'>ialm@erols.com</span></a><b><br></b></span><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:blue'>Natural and Historical Resources Division<br>The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission<br></span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><a href="http://www.pgparks.com/" target="_blank" title="blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::blocked::blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::http://www.pgparks.co"><span style='color:blue;text-decoration:none'>www.pgparks.com</span></a></span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:blue'> </span></b><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:blue'> </span></b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><hr size=1 width="99%" noshade style='color:#909090' align=center></span></div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse'><tr><td style='padding:0in 11.25pt 0in 6.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.avast.com/antivirus"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 style='width:1.0416in;height:1.0416in' id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image001.jpg@01D10CBE.1DEC4CC0" alt="Image removed by sender. 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