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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.0pt;background:#B6C9E5'><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#404040'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.0pt;background:#B6C9E5'><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#272727;background:#F1F1E4'>May, 2018, a petition has been submitted to TAG.</span><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#404040'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.0pt;background:#B6C9E5'><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#404040'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.0pt;background:#B6C9E5'><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#404040'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.0pt;background:#B6C9E5'><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#404040'>Biological Control<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.0pt;background:#B6C9E5'><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#404040'>The unfortunate fact is that for large infestations of water chestnut (<i>i.e.</i> those too large to be controlled by hand-pulling) over the long-term mechanical and chemical control measures have proven to be impractical to provide an economically sustainable control of water chestnut. Scientists have now turned to the potential of biocontrol agents to serve as a long-term solution to water chestnut infestations.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.0pt;background:#B6C9E5'><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#404040'>A number of potential biological control agents were found in field surveys in the native European and Asian ranges of water chestnut. The most promising biocontrol species appeared to be the leaf beetle <i>Galerucella birmanica.</i> Unfortunately, field observations in China suggested that <i>G. birmanica</i> may also attack native water shield (<i>Brasenia schreberi</i>) in addition to <i>Trapa natans</i>. This host non-specificity could be problematic to the use of the beetle for biocontrol in North America.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.0pt;background:#B6C9E5'><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#404040'>Laboratory and field tests initially indicated that out of 19 different plant species in 13 different families, <i>G. birmanica</i> laid eggs and completed development only on species of <i>Trapa</i> and <i>B. schreberi</i>. Adult <i>G. birmanica</i> in the field and lab indicated that the beetles showed a strong preference for <i>T. natans. </i>This preference continued even after the water chestnut was completely defoliated; adults resisted migrating to nearby water shield. While this is very promising news, additional studies on host specificity with additional North American aquatic plants are on-going. [Ding, <i>et. al.</i>, 2006]<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'><a href="http://nyis.info/invasive_species/water-chestnut/">http://nyis.info/invasive_species/water-chestnut/</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-line-height-alt:12.0pt;background:#B6C9E5'><b><span style='font-size:20.5pt;font-family:DINCompPro-Black;color:#A2272D'><a href="http://nyis.info/"><span style='font-size:19.5pt;color:#FBC020;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.75pt'>NEW YORK</span><span style='font-size:19.5pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:black;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.75pt'> INVASIVE SPECIES INFORMATION</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:#B6C9E5'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#404040'>New York State's gateway to science-based invasive species information</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#404040'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.seagrant.sunysb.edu/" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#A2272D;background:#B6C9E5;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=89 height=62 style='width:.927in;height:.6458in' id="Picture_x0020_4" src="cid:image001.png@01D4C330.8A3E1D00" alt="http://nyis.info/wp-content/themes/wireframe/images/ico_logo_seagrant.png"></span></a><a href="http://cce.cornell.edu/Pages/Default.aspx" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DINCompPro;color:#A2272D;background:#B6C9E5;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=199 height=56 style='width:2.0729in;height:.5833in' id="Picture_x0020_5" src="cid:image002.png@01D4C330.8A3E1D00" alt="http://nyis.info/wp-content/themes/wireframe/images/ico_logo_cornell.png"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> Marc Imlay <ialm@erols.com> <br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, February 10, 2019 12:01 AM<br><b>To:</b> 'INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU' <INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU>; 'maipc@lists.maipc.org' <maipc@lists.maipc.org>; 'rodswalker@gmail.com' <rodswalker@gmail.com>; 'Reardon, Richard C -FS' <rreardon@fs.fed.us>; 'apwg@lists.plantconservation.org' <apwg@lists.plantconservation.org>; donnamfoster@fs.fed.us; 'Michelle Wyman, NCSE' <michelle@ncseglobal.org>; 'chuck woolery' <chuck@igc.org>; 'Matthew.Tancos@ars.usda.gov' <Matthew.Tancos@ars.usda.gov>; 'Steven Manning' <stevemanning@mindspring.com>; 'board@mdflora.org' <board@mdflora.org>; 'antonia.bookbinder@gmail.com' <antonia.bookbinder@gmail.com>; ''Sara Tangren' (stangren@umd.edu)' <stangren@umd.edu><br><b>Subject:</b> Invasive plants and climate change<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Dear biocontrol colleagues,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>With the Federal shut downs, which universities should we encourage to do the research on biological controls? Reminder that if the first stage is successful to determine good potential candidate insects or pathogens, the next stage to prove host specificity is more likely to be funded. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:blue'>Marc Imlay, PhD Conservation biologist, Park Ranger Office, Non-native Invasive Plant Control coordinator. <br>(301) 442-5657 cell </span></b><a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com"><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0563C1'>ialm@erols.com</span></b></a><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:blue'><br>Natural and Historical Resources Division<br>The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><strong><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#272727;background:#F1F1E4'>European Water Chestnut</span></strong><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#272727'><br><span style='background:#F1F1E4'>European water chestnut (<em>Trapa natans</em>) is an invasive aquatic plant native to Europe and Asia. It was first observed in the United States in Massachusetts in the late 1800s. Its current distribution is the mid-Atlantic and northeastern U.S., with the most serious problems being reported for the Connecticut River valley, Lake Champlain region, Hudson River, Potomac River and the upper Delaware River (Swearingen et al. 2010). This species can form dense floating mats, and its sharp fruits can cause painful wounds, making control efforts a challenge. The most promising species for biological control is <em>Galerucella birmanica</em>, a leaf beetle (Ding et al. 2006, 2007), and in May, 2018, a petition has been submitted to TAG. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#272727;background:#F1F1E4'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red;background:#F1F1E4'>Is Canada going to help again?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#272727;background:#F1F1E4'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#272727;background:#F1F1E4'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><br />
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