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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Regarding Robert's insightful question
about "how" vs. "why" of species invasion, let me briefly address the
exotic Phragmites australis invasion going on in the Great Salt Lake marshes and
apparently everywhere else. And this may be relevant to catastrophic
forest blow-downs or fires being discussed. Twentyfive years ago, due to a
freakish two years of super-normal precipitation the Great Salt Lake rose to
historic high flood levels, inundating and "destroying" most of the surrounding
fresh water marshlands (mostly diked waterfowl refuges such as the famous Bear
River National Wildlife Refuge). In the intervening years the water levels
gradually dropped, exposing much of the shoreline muds for air-borne Phragmites
germination and colonization. Where the exotic genotype came and how it
got here is still not known. But now, monotypic circular clones
often a hundred feet in diameter dot the marshlands where the native
cattails and bullrushes once provided wildlife habitat. This is what
scares the be-geebers out of the "sportsmen" and justifies helicopter
application of RoundUp. However like in Robert's forest story, the native
marshland species rapidly reestablish themselves, but a few unkilled
rhizomes of the bad actors are still there lurking. I really don't know
whether to be hopeful or not. Regards, Ty Harrison</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
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<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=rlb14@cornell.edu href="mailto:rlb14@cornell.edu">Robert Layton
Beyfuss</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Cc:</B> <A
title=apwg@lists.plantconservation.org
href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Monday, March 05, 2012 2:38
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] Ecosystems Invasions
Re: Do ecosystems resistinvasion?Invasion and cropping Re: rate of
change</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">I
don’t think Utah is any more kooky than any other state in this regard. An
interesting twist on this same topic is that sometimes even highly disturbed
sites seem to resist invasion. A friend of mine at Cornell is charged
with managing a large area of forest (4,000 acres) for timber production,
first and foremost. He hires a tractor driven mist blower to spray
herbicide on 50 acre blocks within the forest to suppress understory
vegetation, primarily beech tree root sprouts which can and have made it
impossible to even walk through some places in the forest. I was
seriously angry at him when he killed off a small population of American
ginseng as a result of this “collateral” damage. What made me even more upset
however, was my assumption that these 50 acre blocks would quickly be invaded
and overrun by the many species of known invasive plants that were already
present in adjacent blocks and all along the access roads and trails. These
weeds included Japanese barberry, non native honeysuckles, garlic mustard,
autumn olive, multiflora rose and a few others. Last summer he invited
me to tour some other blocks within this forest that he had sprayed 2, 4 and 6
years ago. I expected the worst but to my surprise, I really could not tell at
a glance which blocks were sprayed 6 years ago versus some that were not
sprayed at all. Somehow, certain herbaceous perennials such as Christmas fern
and others had returned and there were no more invasive plants present then
before the spraying. I still do not understand why. Ironically though, the
spraying did not necessarily achieve the result of increasing the presence of
the desired timber species from the existing seed bank on the forest floor, or
even increasing the growth rate of the overstory trees. Sometimes, as Cubby
from WV noted in a previous post regarding stilt grass, it is possible to find
out “how” an invasive species gets into an area but it is much, much more
daunting to try to explain “Why”. Disturbance alone does not seem to fit the
bill in all cases. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'"> Ty Harrison
[mailto:tyju@xmission.com] <BR><B>Sent:</B> Monday, March 05, 2012 2:49
PM<BR><B>To:</B> Wayne Tyson; Robert Layton Beyfuss; Ryan McEwan;
John<BR><B>Cc:</B> apwg@lists.plantconservation.org<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re:
[APWG] Ecosystems Invasions Re: Do ecosystems resistinvasion?Invasion and
cropping Re: rate of change<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">APWG:
Regarding Wayne Tyson's astonishment (below),.
</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
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<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Wayne et
al: Little do you know! (about the magnitude of helicopter
applied herbicide here in Utah). Read this and weep: <A
href="http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_15185646">http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_15185646</A> .
Massive amounts of glyphosate are being dumped annually on the non-native
genotype of Phragmites australis in the public and private marshlands around
Great Salt Lake: <A
href="http://www.utahwildlifephotos.com/keyword/phragmites/1/470783372_dUyTS#!i=470783372&k=dUyTS">http://www.utahwildlifephotos.com/keyword/phragmites/1/470783372_dUyTS#!i=470783372&k=dUyTS</A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">I know everyone
thinks Utah is kooky, but this is an accepted practice, dare I say "best
management practice" BMP!!!<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Ty
Harrison<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
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<HR>
<P></P><BR>_______________________________________________<BR>PCA's Alien
Plant Working Group mailing
list<BR>APWG@lists.plantconservation.org<BR>http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/apwg_lists.plantconservation.org<BR><BR>Disclaimer<BR>Any
requests, advice or opinions posted to this list reflect ONLY the opinion of
the individual posting the message.
<P>
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