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<DIV>
<DIV>Marc:</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>In 2003 we had a devastating ice storm in central WV that damaged hundreds
of thousands of acres of woodland. By 2004 encountering new
stiltgrass invasions deep in mature forests where no roads existed and the
only disturbance was the root balls from ice storm-toppled trees left me
perplexed until I spent some time observing birds in these
locations. As a result, I have an idea as to how Japanese stiltgrass
appears in disturbed areas of the forest when no other stiltgrass can be found
for hundreds and sometimes thousands of feet...birds feeding on the ground
in winter. Numerous times, especially when there is a dense snow cover, I
have observed birds like rufus sided towhees, chickadees and
tufted titmice feeding on the ground beneath brush and tree tops covered with
stiltgrass thatch as part of a midwinter feeding guild. From watching
their behavior as they scratch the ground and flutter in and out of the
stiltgrass thatch I developed strong suspicions that they could easily
pick up small amounts of seed on their feet and in their feathers that they
could transport to other locations. The scratching and flipping way
that titmice have of disturbing the ground is bound to get them bathed in
stiltgrass seed if it is present.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>It would be interesting to see whether this method of stiltgrass
colonization has "officially" been investigated by anyone with more refined
scientific credentials than my own.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Sincerely,</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Russ Richardson, Certified Forester</DIV>
<DIV>Arnoldsburg, WV </DIV></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>In a message dated 3/5/2012 10:11:17 A.M. Eastern Standard Time,
ialm@erols.com writes:</DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: blue 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px"><FONT
style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" color=#000000 size=2 face=Arial>We find
the Japanese Stiltgrass spreads far worse down stream as Michael<BR>points
<BR>out. It is almost as bad along trails and disturbed habitats by the
trails. <BR>However, there are many bad isolated patches hundreds of meters
from these <BR>sources about two decades after the first introduction to
Chapman State<BR>Park in <BR>Charles County, Maryland.<BR><BR>Marc Imlay
<BR><BR>Original Message:<BR>-----------------<BR>From: Michael Schenk
schenkmj@earthlink.net<BR>Date: Fri, 2 Mar 2012 12:08:05 -0500
(GMT-05:00)<BR>To: ialm@erols.com,
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org<BR>Subject: RE: [APWG] rate of
change<BR><BR><BR><head><style>body{font-family:
Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-<BR>size:9pt;background-color:
#ffffff;color:
black;}</style></head>id="compText"><blockquote
style="padding-left: 5px; margin-left: 0px;<BR>border-<BR>left: 2px solid
rgb(0, 0, 255);">Speaking of rate of change, this link may<BR>be
<BR>slightly OT but is very relevant to the concept of how the current rate of
<BR>change is extreme:<BR>
<H1 style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id=headline <BR>class="story"><FONT
size=3>Ocean Acidification Rate May Be Unprecedented, <BR>Study
Says</FONT><BR></H1>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120301143735.htm?<BR>utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily+%28<BR>Scie<BR>nceDaily%3A+Latest+Science+News%29<BR><BR>I've
seen stiltgrass spread from <BR>isolated pockets following the direction of
surface water flow. When I<BR>attack a <BR>patch in a relatively uninvaded
area, I always look downhill for more.<BR><BR><BR>Hmm, looks like my
unsubscribe didn't<BR>take.<BR><BR>Mike<BR><BR>-----Original
<BR>Message-----<BR><BR>From: Marc Imlay <ialm@erols.com><BR><BR>Sent:
Mar 1, 2012 10:42 PM<BR><BR>To: 'Wayne Tyson' <landrest@cox.net>, 'Ty
Harrison'<BR><tyju@xmission.com>, <BR>'Michael Schenk'
<schenkmj@earthlink.net><BR><BR>Cc:
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org<BR><BR>Subject: RE: [APWG] Invasion and
cropping Re: rate of change<BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><zzzhtml
xmlns:[default]="" http:="" www.w3.org="" tr=""
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bgcolor="#ffffff"><BR><div dir="ltr" align="left"><span
class="453343203-02032012"><FONT size=3><BR><strong>We <BR>are
finding that typically about half of the invasives are about 20% as bad
<BR>in natural, undisturbed habitats. Given time we find that they do take
over <BR>natural areas but at a slower rate. A good example is Japanese
Stiltgrass <BR>which takes advantage of natural erosion disturbance when a
tree comes down <BR>naturally but is much worse with artifical erosion
<BR>disturbances. </strong></FONT></span></div><BR><div
dir="ltr" align="left"><span
class="453343203-02032012"></span> </div><BR><div
dir="ltr" align="left"><span class="453343203-02032012"><FONT
size=3><BR><strong> <FONT color=#000000><span
style="font-family: Arial; color:<BR>navy; <BR>font-weight: bold;">Marc
Imlay, <BR>PhD,</span><span
style="color:<BR>black;"><o:p></o:p></span></FONT></strong></FONT><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#008000><B><span
style="font-family:<BR>Arial; <BR>color: navy; font-size: 12pt; font-weight:
bold;">Conservation <BR>biologist, Park Ranger
Office</span></B><span
style="color:<BR>black;"><o:p></o:p><BR></span></FONT></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#008000><B><span
style="font-family:<BR>Arial; <BR>color: navy; font-size: 12pt; font-weight:
bold;">(301) <BR>442-5657 cell</span></B><span
style="color:<BR>black;"><o:p></o:p></span></FONT><BR></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><span style="font-family: Arial; color:
navy;<BR>font-size: <BR>12pt; font-weight: bold;"><A
title=mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com
href="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"></A><A
<BR>title="blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com<BR>mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"<BR>href="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"></A><FONT
<BR>color="#008000"> </FONT><A title=mailto:ialm@erols.com
href="mailto:ialm@erols.com"><FONT
<BR>title="blocked::mailto:ialm@erols.com"<BR>color="#008000">ialm@erols.com</FONT></A><BR></span></B><span
style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#008000><B><span
style="font-family:<BR>Arial; <BR>color: navy; font-size: 12pt; font-weight:
bold;">Natural <BR>and Historical Resources
Division</span></B><span
style="color:<BR>black;"><o:p><BR></o:p></span></FONT></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#008000><B><span
style="font-family:<BR>Arial; <BR>color: navy; font-size: 12pt; font-weight:
bold;">The <st1:place w:st="on"><BR><st1:placename
w:st="on">Maryland-National</st1:placename> <st1:placename
<BR>w:st="on">Capital</st1:placename> <st1:placetype<BR>w:st="on">Park</st1:placetype><BR></st1:place> and
Planning <BR>Commission</span></B><span
style="color:<BR>black;"><o:p></o:p></span></FONT></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><span style="font-family: Arial; color:
navy;<BR>font-size: <BR>12pt; font-weight: bold;"><A
title=http://www.pgparks.com/ href="http://www.pgparks.com/"><FONT
<BR>title="blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/"<BR>color="#008000">www.pgparks.com</FONT><BR></A></span></B><o:p></o:p></P></span></div><BR><BR><div
dir="ltr" class="OutlookMessageHeader" align="left" lang="en-us"><BR><hr
tabindex="-1"><BR><FONT size=2
face=Tahoma><B><BR></B></FONT></div><blockquote<BR>style="border-<BR>left:
2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 0px;
margin-<BR>left: 5px; margin-right: 0px;" dir="ltr"><blockquote
style="border-left:<BR>2px <BR>solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-left: 5px;
padding-right: 0px; margin-left:<BR>5px; <BR>margin-right: 0px;"
dir="ltr"><div><FONT size=4></FONT> </div><BR>
<div><FONT size=4></FONT> </div><BR>
<blockquote style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);
padding-left:<BR>5px; <BR>padding-right: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right:
0px;" dir="ltr"><BR> <div style="font: 10pt
arial;"><FONT size=4>----- Original Message<BR>----- <BR>
</FONT></div><BR> <div style="font: 10pt
arial; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% <BR>rgb(228, 228, 228);"><FONT
size=4><B>From:</B> </FONT><A <BR>title="schenkmj@earthlink.net"
href="mailto:schenkmj@earthlink.net"><FONT <BR>size="4">Michael
<BR> Schenk</FONT></A><FONT size=4>
</FONT></div><BR> <div style="font: 10pt
arial;"><FONT size=4><B>To:</B> </FONT><A <BR>title="ialm@erols.com"
href="mailto:ialm@erols.com"><FONT size=4>Marc <BR>
Imlay</FONT></A><FONT size=4> </FONT></div><BR>
<div style="font: 10pt arial;"><FONT size=4><B>Cc:</B> </FONT><A
<BR>title="apwg@lists.plantconservation.org"
<BR>href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org"><FONT
<BR>size="4">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</FONT></A><FONT size=4>
<BR> </FONT></div><BR> <div
style="font: 10pt arial;"><FONT size=4><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, <BR>February
<BR> 28, 2012 4:21 PM</FONT></div><BR>
<div style="font: 10pt arial;"><FONT size=4><B>Subject:</B>
[APWG]<BR>rate <BR>of <BR>
change</FONT></div><BR> <div><FONT
size=4><BR></FONT></div><BR> <blockquote
style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 255);<BR>padding-left: <BR>5px;
margin-left: 0px;"><FONT size=4>Bingo! It's the rate of change that
<BR>counts. When a new species <BR> arrives every
thousand years, a time scale roughly consistent with <BR>
"natural" climate change disturbances, the ecosystem has a chance<BR>to
<BR> respond and integrate the new
species.<BR><BR>If you keep on<BR>rocking the <BR>
boat and never give it a chance to steady out, somebody's gonna get<BR>wet.
<BR> Sometimes I feel like we're arguing over angel
dancing space. The<BR>fact <BR> is, the boat is
swamping, and we need to slow down the rate of <BR>
change.<BR><BR>I'm a small landholder, trying to plant sustainable <BR>
harvests of ginseng, etc., in the face of encroachment
from garlic <BR> mustard, stiltgrass, tearthumb. I
don't have the time or resources<BR>for <BR>
massive intervention. I need affordable, time-efficient methods of <BR>
non-toxic removal. I've already spent hundreds of
hours and many <BR> dollars on weedwhackers and
native seed. For me, the combination of <BR>
mechanical removal and planting native grasses is at least holding<BR>the
<BR> stiltgrass steady. I'd like to learn about
other successful<BR>practices <BR> that fit with a
modest budget and a working <BR>
schedule.<BR><BR>Cheers,<BR>Mike <BR><BR>-----Original Message----- <BR>
<BR>From: Marc Imlay <ialm@erols.com><BR>Sent: Feb
28, 2012 7:35 AM <BR> <BR>To: "'Hempy-Mayer,Kara L
(CONTR) - KEC-4'"<BR><klhempymayer@bpa.gov>, <BR>
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org
<BR>Cc:<BR>rwg@lists.plantconservation.org <BR>
<BR>Subject: Re: [APWG] [RWG] Ecosystem Restoration Collapse <BR>
<BR><BR><zzzhtml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"
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<zzz!--[if gte="" mso="" 9]=""><xml><o:shapedefaults
spidmax="1026"
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gte="" mso=""<BR>9]=""><BR><xml><o:shapelayout
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data="1"></o:idmap><BR></o:shapelayout><zzz![endif]--></zzz![endif]--><zzzbody
vlink="purple" <BR>link="blue" lang="EN-US"><BR>
</zzzbody></xml></zzz!--[if></zzz![endif]--></xml></zzz!--[if></zzz!<BR>[endif]--></zzz!--[if></zzzmeta></zzzmeta></zzzhead></zzzhtml><BR></klhempymayer@bpa.gov></ialm@erols.com></FONT><div
dir="ltr"<BR>align="left"><FONT <BR>size="4"><strong><FONT
face=Arial><span class="234492712-28022012"><FONT <BR>color="#000000"
size="3"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; <BR>color:
rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;">Just <BR> to
clarify, ecosystems are dynamic and constantly changing, but not
<BR> at the present rate of change. When endangered
species were<BR>protected <BR> with national and
international laws and programs several decades<BR>ago, <BR>
we agreed that species naturally become extinct over time.
It is <BR> just the rate of extintion that had
increased a thousand fold and<BR>needed <BR> to be
reversed so new species had an ecosystem to evolve in. <BR>
</span></FONT></span></FONT></strong></FONT></div><BR><FONT
size=4> <div dir="ltr"
align="left"><strong><FONT<BR>face="Arial"><BR><span
class="234492712-28022012"><FONT color=#000000 size=3><span
<BR>style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73,
125);<BR>font-size:
<BR>11pt;"></span></FONT></span></FONT></strong> </div><BR>
<div dir="ltr" align="left"><strong><FONT
face=Arial><span <BR>class="234492712-28022012"><FONT color=#000000
size=3><span style="font-<BR>family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31,
73, 125); font-size: 11pt;"><BR>
<div><FONT size=2><FONT size=3 face=Arial><strong><BR>
<div dir="ltr" align="left"><FONT color=#0000ff
<BR>face="Arial"><span <BR>class="578543911-24022012"><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><span style="font-family:<BR>'Arial','sans-serif';
<BR>color: navy;">Marc Imlay, <BR>
PhD,</span></B><span style="font-family:
'Arial','sans-serif';<BR>color: <BR>blue;"> <BR>
<U></U><U></U></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><span style="font-family:<BR>'Arial','sans-serif';
<BR>color: navy;">Conservation <BR> biologist,
Park Ranger Office</span></B><span
style="color:<BR>blue;"><U><BR></U><U></U></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><span style="font-family:<BR>'Arial','sans-serif';
<BR>color: navy;">(301) 442-5657 <BR>
cell</span></B><span style="color:
blue;"><U></U><U></U></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><span style="font-family:<BR>'Arial','sans-serif';
<BR>color: green;"> <A title=blocked::mailto:ialm@erols.com
<BR>href="mailto:ialm@erols.com"<BR>target="_blank">ialm@erols.com</A></span></B><span
<BR>style="color: blue;"><U></U><U></U></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><span style="font-family:<BR>'Arial','sans-serif';
<BR>color: navy;">Natural and <BR> Historical
Resources Division</span></B><span
style="color:<BR>blue;"><U><BR></U><U></U></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><span style="font-family:<BR>'Arial','sans-serif';
<BR>color:
navy;">The Maryland-National Capital Park and
<BR> Planning Commission</span></B><span
style="color:<BR>blue;"><U></U><U></U><BR></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><span style="font-family:<BR>'Arial','sans-serif';
<BR>color: green;"><A title=blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
<BR>href="http://www.pgparks.com/"<BR>target="_blank">www.pgparks.com</A></span></B><BR><span
style="color:
blue;"><U></U><U></U></span></P></span></FONT></div><BR><BR></strong></FONT></FONT></div></span></FONT></span></FONT></strong></div><BR>
<div dir="ltr" align="left"><strong><FONT
face=Arial><span <BR>class="234492712-28022012"><FONT color=#000000
size=3><span style="font-<BR>family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31,
73, 125); font-size:
11pt;"><BR></span></FONT></span></FONT></strong> </div><BR>
<div dir="ltr" class="OutlookMessageHeader"
align="left"<BR>lang="en-us"><BR> <hr
tabindex="-1"><BR> <FONT size=2
face=Tahoma><B>From:</B> <BR>
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org <BR>
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <B>On Behalf Of <BR>
</B>Hempy-Mayer,Kara L (CONTR) - KEC-4<BR><B>Sent:</B>
Monday,<BR>February <BR> 27, 2012 2:14
PM<BR><B>To:</B> <BR>
'apwg@lists.plantconservation.org'<BR><B>Cc:</B> <BR>
'rwg@lists.plantconservation.org'<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re:
[APWG]<BR>[RWG] <BR> Ecosystem Restoration
Collapse<BR></FONT><BR></div><BR>
<div></div><BR> <div
class="WordSection1"><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Calibri','sans-serif';
<BR>color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;">Agreed. <BR>
I’ve heard many people argue against the ideas of
“ecosystem <BR> preservation†and
“restoration,†but it’s usually a matter<BR>of <BR>
semantics. What restoration and preservation are trying to
<BR> accomplish is to maintain diversity on a
global scale: there are <BR> ecosystems here that
worked well before we starting impacting them<BR>so <BR>
profoundly: we attempt to “restore†them by taking out what
we<BR>put in <BR> (exotic weeds), or trying to
repair what we damaged (soil<BR>structure, <BR>
hydrology, etc.). Then, hopefully, the previous ecosystem <BR>
processes can
reestablish.<o:p></o:p></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Calibri','sans-serif';
<BR>color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size:
11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Calibri','sans-serif';
<BR>color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;">As <BR>
to the argument about increased carbon dioxide levels: I’ve<BR>always
<BR> wondered about this. The argument that
increased CO2 in the <BR> atmosphere has a profound
effect on plant growth assumes that<BR>nothing <BR>
else is limiting plant growth. From my limited background in plant <BR>
physiology, there are usually many things limiting plant
growth: <BR> macronutrients, micronutrients, water,
and light. In balance, can <BR> CO2 have that
big of an effect, even if it is limiting? Are there<BR>field <BR>
studies that have found evidence for
this?<o:p></o:p></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Calibri','sans-serif';
<BR>color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size:
11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Calibri','sans-serif';
<BR>color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;">Thank <BR>
you for the opportunity to comment
-Kara<o:p></o:p></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Calibri','sans-serif';
<BR>color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size:
11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></P><BR>
<div><BR> <div style="border-width:
1pt medium medium; border-style: solid<BR>none <BR>none; border-color:
rgb(181, 196, 223) -moz-use-text-color<BR>-moz-use-text-color; <BR>padding:
3pt 0in 0in;"><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><span style="font-family:<BR>'Tahoma','sans-serif';
<BR>font-size: 10pt;">From:</span></B><span style="font-family:
'Tahoma','sans-<BR>serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <BR>
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org <BR>
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <B>On Behalf Of
<BR> </B>William Stringer<BR><B>Sent:</B> Monday,
February 27, 2012 8:41 <BR> AM<BR><B>To:</B> Robert
Layton Beyfuss; Katie Fite; Wayne <BR>
Tyson<BR><B>Cc:</B> apwg@lists.plantconservation.org; <BR>
rwg@lists.plantconservation.org<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] [RWG]
<BR> Ecosystem Restoration
Collapse<o:p></o:p></span></P></div></div><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p></o:p></P><BR>
<div><BR> <div><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Tahoma','sans-serif';
<BR>color: black;">As to <BR> ecosystem
restoration , we are not proposing to make a man-made<BR>Hope <BR>
Diamond here. We are proposing to work from our
admittedly limited <BR> knowledge base of what
should be there, and what should not. We <BR>
take out, to the degree that we can, the should-nots, particularly<BR>the
<BR> known exotic invasive should-nots. We
then try to place into the <BR> site local-source
propagules of known natives in a patchwork of<BR>mixtures <BR>
of relatively compatible species. At that point we have
probably <BR> done most of what we can
contribute. We can manage the site to the <BR>
degree that we can simulate natural disturbance phenomena. But
<BR> mostly at this point we stay out of the way
and let natural<BR>phenomena <BR> drive the
restoration. The only exception would be if outbreaks of <BR>
exotic invasive species begin to threaten. Then, we
monitor and <BR> learn</span><span
style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: <BR>black; font-size:
10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></P></div><BR>
<div><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Tahoma','sans-serif';
<BR>color: black; font-size:
10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></P></div><BR>
<div><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Tahoma','sans-serif';
<BR>color: black;">What we cannot <BR> do is let
micro-analysis of the term restoration immobilize us into <BR>
total inaction.</span><span
style="font-family:<BR>'Tahoma','sans-serif'; <BR>color: black; font-size:
10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></P></div><BR>
<div><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Tahoma','sans-serif';
<BR>color: black; font-size:
10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></P></div><BR>
<div><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Tahoma','sans-serif';
<BR>color: black;">Bill <BR>
Stringer</span><span style="font-family:
'Tahoma','sans-serif';<BR>color: <BR>black; font-size:
10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></P></div><BR>
<div><BR> <div
style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"<BR>align="center"><span
<BR>style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black;"><BR>
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%"><BR>
</span></div></div><BR>
<div><BR>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"
class=MsoNormal><B><span<BR>style="font-<BR>family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif';
color: black; font-size:<BR>10pt;">From:</span></B><BR><span
style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black; font-size:
<BR>10pt;"> <BR>
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org <BR>
[apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] On Behalf Of Robert<BR>Layton
<BR> Beyfuss [rlb14@cornell.edu]<BR><B>Sent:</B>
Monday, February 27,<BR>2012 <BR> 10:26
AM<BR><B>To:</B> Katie Fite; Wayne Tyson<BR><B>Cc:</B> <BR>
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org; <BR>
rwg@lists.plantconservation.org<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] [RWG]
<BR> Ecosystem Restoration
Collapse<o:p></o:p></span></P></div><BR>
<div><BR> <div><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span style="font-family:<BR>'Calibri','sans-serif';
<BR>color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;">I <BR>
do not understand how ecosystems can be restored since I
consider<BR>them <BR> as dynamic and constantly
changing. It is not possible to<BR>completely <BR>
re-create the environmental conditions that led to a given<BR>ecosystem at
<BR> any given time in the past. If ecosystems
represent the<BR>interactions of <BR> living and
environmental factors, to restore an ecosystem requires <BR>
replicating the previous environmental factors that affect
the<BR>living <BR> organisms. The level of carbon
dioxide in our atmosphere has<BR>doubled in <BR>
the past 80 years. Plant growth, reproduction and survival is<BR>profoundly
<BR> affected by carbon dioxide levels. I consider
attempts to restore <BR> ecosystems as
no more than human’s creating new ecosystems <BR>
using species of plants that previously occurred because
humans<BR>liked <BR> the previous once more than
the current one. <BR>
</span><span style="color:
black;"><o:p></o:p></span></P><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal><span
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