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<DIV><FONT size=4>All:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>I don't doubt this. No handy generalization is going to be 100
percent true, and again, context is everything. And, of course, not all aliens
are equal. But whatever the requirements happen to be for any given species,
genotype or ecotype, to the degree that the environment tends to match them,
they will come--provided the vectors are up to the job of moving the propagules
into position. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>But all things being equal (they never are, but sometimes a
variable has to be set aside to understand how phenomena operate in their
absence), the question remains whether or not a given species is, or tends to be
more rather than less dependent upon disturbance for colonization,
especially an initial colonization, and whether or not it continues to find
habitats adequate for further colonization. Then one should look at things like
spread and the conditions that foster it, and the rate of spread and its causes.
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>Some organisms are going to be "better" at insinuating
themselves into new places, but the conditions of habitat are going to have to
be suitable. Organisms that evolved under certain habitat conditions are likely
to be "better" able to persist in those conditions than those which didn't. For
this reason, indigenous species should be able to persist under the long
haul--PROVIDED that those conditions stay the same. Disturbances cause
change--different conditions which may (for a short or a long time) mean that
species adapted to undisturbed conditions may not be able to persist but others,
adapted to the different conditions, will. Such conditions may last a long time
(e.g., the effects of acid rain--a continuing disturbance), but change when a
particular kind of continuing disturbance is reduced or eliminated from the
dynamic ecosystem picture. Then (puff, puff,), it is exceedingly difficult to
know whether or not a habitat is undisturbed. Again, an organism doesn't "know"
whether or not a site is disturbed; it can either "make it" under "those"
conditions or it can't. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>WT</FONT></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=ialm@erols.com href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">Marc Imlay</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=landrest@cox.net
href="mailto:landrest@cox.net">'Wayne Tyson'</A> ; <A title=tyju@xmission.com
href="mailto:tyju@xmission.com">'Ty Harrison'</A> ; <A
title=schenkmj@earthlink.net href="mailto:schenkmj@earthlink.net">'Michael
Schenk'</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Cc:</B> <A
title=apwg@lists.plantconservation.org
href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Thursday, March 01, 2012 7:42
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> RE: [APWG] Invasion and cropping
Re: rate of change</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=453343203-02032012><FONT size=3><STRONG>We
are finding that typically about half of the invasives are about 20% as
bad in natural, undisturbed habitats. Given time we find that they do take
over natural areas but at a slower rate. A good example is Japanese
Stiltgrass which takes advantage of natural erosion disturbance when a tree
comes down naturally but is much worse with artifical erosion
disturbances. </STRONG></FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=453343203-02032012></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=453343203-02032012><FONT
size=3><STRONG> <FONT color=#000000><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Marc Imlay,
PhD,</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></STRONG></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#008000><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Conservation
biologist, Park Ranger Office</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#008000><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">(301)
442-5657 cell</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><A
title="blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com
mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"
href="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"></A><A
title="blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com
mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"
href="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"></A><FONT color=#008000> </FONT><A
title="blocked::mailto:ialm@erols.com
mailto:ialm@erols.com"
href="mailto:ialm@erols.com"><FONT title=blocked::mailto:ialm@erols.com
color=#008000>ialm@erols.com</FONT></A></SPAN></B><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#008000><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Natural
and Historical Resources Division</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#008000><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Maryland-National</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Capital</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> and Planning
Commission</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><A
title="blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
http://www.pgparks.com"
href="http://www.pgparks.com/"><FONT title=blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
color=#008000>www.pgparks.com</FONT></A></SPAN></B><o:p></o:p></P></SPAN></DIV><BR>
<DIV class=OutlookMessageHeader lang=en-us dir=ltr align=left>
<HR tabIndex=-1>
<FONT face=Tahoma size=2><B>From:</B> Wayne Tyson [mailto:landrest@cox.net]
<BR><B>Sent:</B> Thursday, March 01, 2012 5:53 PM<BR><B>To:</B> Ty Harrison;
Michael Schenk; Marc Imlay<BR><B>Cc:</B>
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] Invasion and
cropping Re: rate of change<BR></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>APWG:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>Relevance, relevance, RELEVANCE! Why do we so often forget
this? Context is EVERYTHING. At least without it you are drawing against
the Lone Ranger (or arm-wrestling with Superwoman). GIGO! </FONT></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>Most "invasive" species are disturbance-dependent
rather than invasive of dynamically stable (dynamic equilibrium
state) ecosystems</FONT> <FONT size=4>or insinuated into open niches
(let the ecosystem without at least some open niches please stand up and be
counted). In the Intermountain west and many other areas where grazing and
trampling of livestock unlike the indigenous species with which the
vegetation evolved, proceeds unabated, cheatgrass and other scabby plants,
indigenous and foreign, are bound to attempt to bind up the wounds where
Mother Earth has been so scarred, and the scabs are bound to remain in some
form for years to come. Pick off the scabs in such cases all you want,
Monsantoize it all you will, but as long as the processes that caused the
wounds in the first place continue, the scabby cheatgrass and its pals will
continue to reform. "Experts" make careers and fortunes pulling rabbits out of
the hat, convincing the rubes that the magic will last, but sooner or later
the piper will have to be paid. And the rubes invite the experts back for
another dose of salts, having refused to take his/her incantations with a
grain of it. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>WT</FONT><FONT size=4></DIV></FONT>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=tyju@xmission.com href="mailto:tyju@xmission.com">Ty Harrison</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=landrest@cox.net
href="mailto:landrest@cox.net">Wayne Tyson</A> ; <A
title=schenkmj@earthlink.net href="mailto:schenkmj@earthlink.net">Michael
Schenk</A> ; <A title=ialm@erols.com href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">Marc
Imlay</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Cc:</B> <A
title=apwg@lists.plantconservation.org
href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Thursday, March 01, 2012 12:49
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] Invasion and
cropping Re: rate of change</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>APWG: I like Tyson's metaphor (sexist?):
Whizzing up wind is what many of use are doing rather than using locally
relevant ecological models as he recommends. Or as others ecologists
have said: weeds and other invaders occupy "emtpy niches in the old
corral". But this only goes so far. Many weeds can insinuate
themselves into these "empty niches" in disturbance prone
(drought?) ecosystems which we have out west (eg. Cheatgrass,
Cranesbill, Star Thistle, Dalmatian Toadflax etc. etc. etc.). Ty
Harrison</FONT></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=landrest@cox.net href="mailto:landrest@cox.net">Wayne Tyson</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=schenkmj@earthlink.net
href="mailto:schenkmj@earthlink.net">Michael Schenk</A> ; <A
title=ialm@erols.com href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">Marc Imlay</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Cc:</B> <A
title=apwg@lists.plantconservation.org
href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Wednesday, February 29, 2012
4:41 PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> [APWG] Invasion and cropping
Re: rate of change</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>Y'all:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>When you change something in an ecosystem, other things
change, including "invasions" (aka colonization). Ecosystems tend toward
sequestering most or effectively all of the nutrients in the biomass--or
try to. Much of colonization consists of a drive in that direction. This
is why some ecologists have said that an ecosystem in equilibrium resists
invasion. This is a sustained/sustainable situation, but that is far
different from the invented and spun context in which "sustainable" is
bandied about today. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>To cut to the chase, modern agronomic practice is 180
degrees out of phase with this principle, hence with ecosystems. Study
sites where the best ginseng grows, and study them completely. Then
compare those conditions with the ones in which you are attempting to grow
it as a crop. If there is any significant difference, it is likely that
you are whizzing upwind. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>This is already indulging in more conjecture than
justified by the scant information about the ecological context of your
project, so take it with a grain of salt and see if any of the principles
mentioned help. I hope so. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>WT</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><FONT size=4>----- Original Message -----
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><FONT
size=4><B>From:</B> </FONT><A title=schenkmj@earthlink.net
href="mailto:schenkmj@earthlink.net"><FONT size=4>Michael
Schenk</FONT></A><FONT size=4> </FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><FONT size=4><B>To:</B> </FONT><A
title=ialm@erols.com href="mailto:ialm@erols.com"><FONT size=4>Marc
Imlay</FONT></A><FONT size=4> </FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><FONT size=4><B>Cc:</B> </FONT><A
title=apwg@lists.plantconservation.org
href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org"><FONT
size=4>apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</FONT></A><FONT size=4>
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><FONT size=4><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday,
February 28, 2012 4:21 PM</FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><FONT size=4><B>Subject:</B> [APWG] rate
of change</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4><BR></FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(0,0,255) 2px solid"><FONT
size=4>Bingo! It's the rate of change that counts. When a new species
arrives every thousand years, a time scale roughly consistent with
"natural" climate change disturbances, the ecosystem has a chance to
respond and integrate the new species.<BR><BR>If you keep on rocking
the boat and never give it a chance to steady out, somebody's gonna
get wet. Sometimes I feel like we're arguing over angel dancing space.
The fact is, the boat is swamping, and we need to slow down the rate
of change.<BR><BR>I'm a small landholder, trying to plant sustainable
harvests of ginseng, etc., in the face of encroachment from garlic
mustard, stiltgrass, tearthumb. I don't have the time or resources for
massive intervention. I need affordable, time-efficient methods of
non-toxic removal. I've already spent hundreds of hours and many
dollars on weedwhackers and native seed. For me, the combination of
mechanical removal and planting native grasses is at least holding the
stiltgrass steady. I'd like to learn about other successful practices
that fit with a modest budget and a working
schedule.<BR><BR>Cheers,<BR>Mike <BR><BR>-----Original Message-----
<BR>From: Marc Imlay <IALM@EROLS.COM><BR>Sent: Feb 28, 2012 7:35 AM
<BR>To: "'Hempy-Mayer,Kara L (CONTR) - KEC-4'" <KLHEMPYMAYER@BPA.GOV>,
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org <BR>Cc:
rwg@lists.plantconservation.org <BR>Subject: Re: [APWG] [RWG]
Ecosystem Restoration Collapse <BR><BR><ZZZHTML
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<DIV dir=ltr align=left><STRONG><FONT face=Arial><SPAN
class=234492712-28022012><FONT color=#000000 size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: rgb(31,73,125); FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Just
to clarify, ecosystems are dynamic and constantly changing, but not
at the present rate of change. When endangered species were protected
with national and international laws and programs several decades ago,
we agreed that species naturally become extinct over time. It is
just the rate of extintion that had increased a thousand fold and needed
to be reversed so new species had an ecosystem to evolve in.
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></FONT></STRONG></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><STRONG><FONT face=Arial><SPAN
class=234492712-28022012><FONT color=#000000 size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: rgb(31,73,125); FONT-SIZE: 11pt"></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></FONT></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><STRONG><FONT face=Arial><SPAN
class=234492712-28022012><FONT color=#000000 size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: rgb(31,73,125); FONT-SIZE: 11pt">
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT size=3 face=Arial><STRONG>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><FONT color=#0000ff face=Arial><SPAN
class=578543911-24022012>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: navy">Marc Imlay,
PhD,</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue">
<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: navy">Conservation
biologist, Park Ranger Office</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="COLOR: blue"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: navy">(301) 442-5657
cell</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: green"> <A
title=blocked::mailto:ialm@erols.com href="mailto:ialm@erols.com"
target=_blank>ialm@erols.com</A></SPAN></B><SPAN
style="COLOR: blue"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: navy">Natural and
Historical Resources Division</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="COLOR: blue"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: navy">The Maryland-National Capital Park and
Planning Commission</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="COLOR: blue"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: green"><A
title=blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/ href="http://www.pgparks.com/"
target=_blank>www.pgparks.com</A></SPAN></B><SPAN
style="COLOR: blue"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></SPAN></FONT></DIV><BR></STRONG></FONT></FONT></DIV></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></FONT></STRONG></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><STRONG><FONT face=Arial><SPAN
class=234492712-28022012><FONT color=#000000 size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: rgb(31,73,125); FONT-SIZE: 11pt"></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></FONT></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr lang=en-us class=OutlookMessageHeader align=left>
<HR tabIndex=-1>
<FONT size=2 face=Tahoma><B>From:</B>
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <B>On Behalf Of
</B>Hempy-Mayer,Kara L (CONTR) - KEC-4<BR><B>Sent:</B> Monday, February
27, 2012 2:14 PM<BR><B>To:</B>
'apwg@lists.plantconservation.org'<BR><B>Cc:</B>
'rwg@lists.plantconservation.org'<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] [RWG]
Ecosystem Restoration Collapse<BR></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: rgb(31,73,125); FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Agreed.
I’ve heard many people argue against the ideas of “ecosystem
preservation” and “restoration,” but it’s usually a matter of
semantics. What restoration and preservation are trying to
accomplish is to maintain diversity on a global scale: there are
ecosystems here that worked well before we starting impacting them so
profoundly: we attempt to “restore” them by taking out what we put in
(exotic weeds), or trying to repair what we damaged (soil structure,
hydrology, etc.). Then, hopefully, the previous ecosystem
processes can reestablish.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: rgb(31,73,125); FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: rgb(31,73,125); FONT-SIZE: 11pt">As
to the argument about increased carbon dioxide levels: I’ve always
wondered about this. The argument that increased CO2 in the
atmosphere has a profound effect on plant growth assumes that nothing
else is limiting plant growth. From my limited background in plant
physiology, there are usually many things limiting plant growth:
macronutrients, micronutrients, water, and light. In balance, can
CO2 have that big of an effect, even if it is limiting? Are there field
studies that have found evidence for this?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: rgb(31,73,125); FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: rgb(31,73,125); FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Thank
you for the opportunity to comment -Kara<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: rgb(31,73,125); FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(181,196,223) 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <B>On Behalf Of
</B>William Stringer<BR><B>Sent:</B> Monday, February 27, 2012 8:41
AM<BR><B>To:</B> Robert Layton Beyfuss; Katie Fite; Wayne
Tyson<BR><B>Cc:</B> apwg@lists.plantconservation.org;
rwg@lists.plantconservation.org<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] [RWG]
Ecosystem Restoration Collapse<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><O:P></O:P></P>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black">As to
ecosystem restoration , we are not proposing to make a man-made Hope
Diamond here. We are proposing to work from our admittedly limited
knowledge base of what should be there, and what should not. We
take out, to the degree that we can, the should-nots, particularly the
known exotic invasive should-nots. We then try to place into the
site local-source propagules of known natives in a patchwork of mixtures
of relatively compatible species. At that point we have probably
done most of what we can contribute. We can manage the site to the
degree that we can simulate natural disturbance phenomena. But
mostly at this point we stay out of the way and let natural phenomena
drive the restoration. The only exception would be if outbreaks of
exotic invasive species begin to threaten. Then, we monitor and
learn</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black">What we cannot
do is let micro-analysis of the term restoration immobilize us into
total inaction.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black">Bill
Stringer</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black">
<HR align=center SIZE=2 width="100%">
</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt" class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] On Behalf Of Robert Layton
Beyfuss [rlb14@cornell.edu]<BR><B>Sent:</B> Monday, February 27, 2012
10:26 AM<BR><B>To:</B> Katie Fite; Wayne Tyson<BR><B>Cc:</B>
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org;
rwg@lists.plantconservation.org<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] [RWG]
Ecosystem Restoration Collapse<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: rgb(31,73,125); FONT-SIZE: 11pt">I
do not understand how ecosystems can be restored since I consider them
as dynamic and constantly changing. It is not possible to completely
re-create the environmental conditions that led to a given ecosystem at
any given time in the past. If ecosystems represent the interactions of
living and environmental factors, to restore an ecosystem requires
replicating the previous environmental factors that affect the living
organisms. The level of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has doubled in
the past 80 years. Plant growth, reproduction and survival is profoundly
affected by carbon dioxide levels. I consider attempts to restore
ecosystems as no more than human’s creating new ecosystems
using species of plants that previously occurred because humans liked
the previous once more than the current one.
</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<DIV
style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(181,196,223) 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <B>On Behalf Of
</B>Katie Fite<BR><B>Sent:</B> Monday, February 27, 2012 9:12
AM<BR><B>To:</B> Wayne Tyson<BR><B>Cc:</B>
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org;
rwg@lists.plantconservation.org<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] [RWG]
Ecosystem Restoration Collapse</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: black">Wayne,<BR><BR>I am interested in the
discussion.<BR><BR>And discussions of what ecological restoration is,
and also discussions of how the term "restoration" is currently being
used by agencies or at times industry - to describe imposing
major disturbances on mature or old growth woody vegetation
communities - with such disturbances often then leading to weed
invasions.<BR><BR>Katie Fite<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></zzzbody></xml></ZZZ!--[IF></ZZZ![ENDIF]--></ZZZ!--[IF></ZZZ![ENDIF]--></ZZZ!--[IF></ZZZMETA></ZZZMETA></ZZZHEAD></ZZZHTML></FONT></BLOCKQUOTE><PRE><FONT size=4>
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