<head><style>body{font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;background-color: #ffffff;color: black;}</style></head><body id="compText"><blockquote style="padding-left: 5px; margin-left: 0px; border-left: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 255);">Bingo! It's the rate of change that counts. When a new species arrives every thousand years, a time scale roughly consistent with "natural" climate change disturbances, the ecosystem has a chance to respond and integrate the new species.<br><br>If you keep on rocking the boat and never give it a chance to steady out, somebody's gonna get wet. Sometimes I feel like we're arguing over angel dancing space. The fact is, the boat is swamping, and we need to slow down the rate of change.<br><br>I'm a small landholder, trying to plant sustainable harvests of ginseng, etc., in the face of encroachment from garlic mustard, stiltgrass, tearthumb. I don't have the time or resources for massive intervention. I need affordable, time-efficient methods of non-toxic removal. I've already spent hundreds of hours and many dollars on weedwhackers and native seed. For me, the combination of mechanical removal and planting native grasses is at least holding the stiltgrass steady. I'd like to learn about other successful practices that fit with a modest budget and a working schedule.<br><br>Cheers,<br>Mike <br><br>-----Original Message-----
<br>From: Marc Imlay <ialm@erols.com>
<br>Sent: Feb 28, 2012 7:35 AM
<br>To: "'Hempy-Mayer,Kara L (CONTR) - KEC-4'" <klhempymayer@bpa.gov>, apwg@lists.plantconservation.org
<br>Cc: rwg@lists.plantconservation.org
<br>Subject: Re: [APWG] [RWG] Ecosystem Restoration Collapse
<br><br>
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<div dir="ltr" align="left"><strong><font face="Arial"><span class="234492712-28022012"><font color="#000000" size="3"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;">Just
to clarify, ecosystems are dynamic and constantly changing, but not at the
present rate of change. When endangered species were protected with national and
international laws and programs several decades ago, we agreed that species
naturally become extinct over time. It is just the rate of extintion that
had increased a thousand fold and needed to be reversed so new species had an
ecosystem to evolve in. </span></font></span></font></strong></div>
<div dir="ltr" align="left"><strong><font face="Arial"><span class="234492712-28022012"><font color="#000000" size="3"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;"></span></font></span></font></strong> </div>
<div dir="ltr" align="left"><strong><font face="Arial"><span class="234492712-28022012"><font color="#000000" size="3"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;">
<div><font size="2"><font face="Arial" size="3"><strong>
<div dir="ltr" align="left"><font color="#0000ff" face="Arial"><span class="578543911-24022012">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: navy;">Marc Imlay,
PhD,</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: blue;">
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: navy;">Conservation biologist,
Park Ranger Office</span></b><span style="color: blue;"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: navy;">(301) 442-5657
cell</span></b><span style="color: blue;"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: green;"> <a title="blocked::mailto:ialm@erols.com" href="mailto:ialm@erols.com" target="_blank">ialm@erols.com</a></span></b><span style="color: blue;"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: navy;">Natural and Historical
Resources Division</span></b><span style="color: blue;"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: navy;">The Maryland-National Capital Park and
Planning Commission</span></b><span style="color: blue;"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: green;"><a title="blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/" href="http://www.pgparks.com/" target="_blank">www.pgparks.com</a></span></b><span style="color: blue;"><u></u><u></u></span></p></span></font></div><br></strong></font></font></div></span></font></span></font></strong></div>
<div dir="ltr" align="left"><strong><font face="Arial"><span class="234492712-28022012"><font color="#000000" size="3"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;"></span></font></span></font></strong> </div>
<div dir="ltr" class="OutlookMessageHeader" align="left" lang="en-us">
<hr tabindex="-1">
<font face="Tahoma" size="2"><b>From:</b> apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <b>On Behalf Of
</b>Hempy-Mayer,Kara L (CONTR) - KEC-4<br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, February 27, 2012
2:14 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'apwg@lists.plantconservation.org'<br><b>Cc:</b>
'rwg@lists.plantconservation.org'<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [APWG] [RWG] Ecosystem
Restoration Collapse<br></font><br></div>
<div></div>
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;">Agreed.
I’ve heard many people argue against the ideas of “ecosystem preservation” and
“restoration,” but it’s usually a matter of semantics. What restoration
and preservation are trying to accomplish is to maintain diversity on a global
scale: there are ecosystems here that worked well before we starting impacting
them so profoundly: we attempt to “restore” them by taking out what we put in
(exotic weeds), or trying to repair what we damaged (soil structure, hydrology,
etc.). Then, hopefully, the previous ecosystem processes can
reestablish.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;">As
to the argument about increased carbon dioxide levels: I’ve always wondered
about this. The argument that increased CO2 in the atmosphere has a
profound effect on plant growth assumes that nothing else is limiting plant
growth. From my limited background in plant physiology, there are usually many
things limiting plant growth: macronutrients, micronutrients, water, and light.
In balance, can CO2 have that big of an effect, even if it is limiting?
Are there field studies that have found evidence for this?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;">Thank
you for the opportunity to comment -Kara<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">From:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>William
Stringer<br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, February 27, 2012 8:41 AM<br><b>To:</b> Robert
Layton Beyfuss; Katie Fite; Wayne Tyson<br><b>Cc:</b>
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org;
rwg@lists.plantconservation.org<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [APWG] [RWG] Ecosystem
Restoration Collapse<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black;">As to ecosystem
restoration , we are not proposing to make a man-made Hope Diamond here.
We are proposing to work from our admittedly limited knowledge base of what
should be there, and what should not. We take out, to the degree that we
can, the should-nots, particularly the known exotic invasive should-nots.
We then try to place into the site local-source propagules of known natives in a
patchwork of mixtures of relatively compatible species. At that point we
have probably done most of what we can contribute. We can manage the site
to the degree that we can simulate natural disturbance phenomena. But
mostly at this point we stay out of the way and let natural phenomena drive the
restoration. The only exception would be if outbreaks of exotic invasive
species begin to threaten. Then, we monitor and learn</span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black;">What we cannot do is
let micro-analysis of the term restoration immobilize us into total
inaction.</span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black;">Bill
Stringer</span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div>
<div>
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<p style="margin-bottom: 12pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black; font-size: 10pt;">From:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black; font-size: 10pt;">
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] On Behalf Of Robert Layton Beyfuss
[rlb14@cornell.edu]<br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, February 27, 2012 10:26
AM<br><b>To:</b> Katie Fite; Wayne Tyson<br><b>Cc:</b>
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org;
rwg@lists.plantconservation.org<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [APWG] [RWG] Ecosystem
Restoration Collapse<o:p></o:p></span></p></div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;">I
do not understand how ecosystems can be restored since I consider them as
dynamic and constantly changing. It is not possible to completely re-create the
environmental conditions that led to a given ecosystem at any given time in the
past. If ecosystems represent the interactions of living and environmental
factors, to restore an ecosystem requires replicating the previous environmental
factors that affect the living organisms. The level of carbon dioxide in our
atmosphere has doubled in the past 80 years. Plant growth, reproduction and
survival is profoundly affected by carbon dioxide levels. I consider attempts to
restore ecosystems as no more than human’s creating new ecosystems
using species of plants that previously occurred because humans liked the
previous once more than the current one. </span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid none none; border-color: rgb(181, 196, 223) -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black; font-size: 10pt;">From:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; color: black; font-size: 10pt;">
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Katie
Fite<br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, February 27, 2012 9:12 AM<br><b>To:</b> Wayne
Tyson<br><b>Cc:</b> apwg@lists.plantconservation.org;
rwg@lists.plantconservation.org<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [APWG] [RWG] Ecosystem
Restoration Collapse</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Wayne,<br><br>I am interested in the discussion.<br><br>And
discussions of what ecological restoration is, and also discussions of how the
term "restoration" is currently being used by agencies or at times
industry - to describe imposing major disturbances on mature or old
growth woody vegetation communities - with such disturbances often then
leading to weed invasions.<br><br>Katie Fite<o:p></o:p></span></p><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div></div></zzzbody></xml>
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