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<DIV dir=ltr align=left><FONT color=#0000ff face=Arial><SPAN
class=062244312-05012012><STRONG>This article was published in the current
isssue of the Chesapeake. </STRONG></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><FONT color=#0000ff face=Arial><SPAN
class=062244312-05012012><STRONG></STRONG></SPAN></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><FONT color=#0000ff face=Arial><SPAN
class=062244312-05012012><SPAN class=578430018-02012012><FONT color=#0000ff
face=Arial><SPAN class=578430018-02012012><STRONG>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><FONT color=#0000ff face=Arial><SPAN
class=yiv1338871265265445411-20122011>
<DIV style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=yiv1338871265MsoNormal><FONT size=3><FONT
face="Times New Roman"><SPAN class=yiv1338871265031063012-13122011><FONT
face=Arial><B>Marc Imlay, PhD,<BR><BR>Conservation biologist, Park Ranger
Office</B></FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=yiv1338871265MsoNormal><SPAN
class=yiv1338871265031063012-13122011><SPAN
class=yiv1338871265133061812-16122011></SPAN><FONT size=3><B><SPAN
class=yiv1338871265133061812-16122011>Non-native </SPAN>I<SPAN
class=yiv1338871265133061812-16122011>nvasive Plant Control coordinator.
</SPAN><BR><BR>(301) 442-5657 cell<BR><BR></B></FONT><A
title="blocked::blocked::blocked::blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com
blocked::blocked::blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com
blocked::blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com
blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"
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title="blocked::blocked::blocked::blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com
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blocked::blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com
blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"
size=3><B>Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com</B></FONT></A><FONT color=#000000 size=3><B>
ialm@erols.com<BR>Natural and Historical Resources Division<BR>The
Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission<BR></B></FONT><A
title="blocked::blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
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size=3><B>www.pgparks.com</B></FONT></A></SPAN></DIV></SPAN></FONT></DIV><BR></STRONG></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red">Climate Change and Plant
and Animal Wildlife Migration Corridors<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red">In the article, Warming
Planet Pushing Species Out of Habitats Quicker Than Expected, <A
title=blocked::http://www.livescience.com/15640-species-shifting-climate-change.html
href="http://www.livescience.com/15640-species-shifting-climate-change.html"><SPAN
style="COLOR: red"
title=blocked::http://www.livescience.com/15640-species-shifting-climate-change.html>http://www.livescience.com/15640-species-shifting-climate-change.html</SPAN></A>
Jennifer Welsh comments that 'Habitat fragmentation and changing ranges of
predators, prey and pollinators (for plants) also influence species' ability to
survive in any specific habitat. If a species can't reach the next bit of
livable habitat, they would be <A
title=blocked::http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?llr=aajwdndab&et=1107222753886&s=1050&e=001wOJ8v_iz9yFmmRDqQhJstVROv0XlLxTsGrRHTO3NWaC8VPReIIZTY0tgq569vnWWQuY4J_4YMPUyWXRyIf_0KX7SzssGyIDOYKHjMKriMSKlzmuomR8vTj-l0nnu1AkzD7bOyxVSu2uvxnLppzgZ0gyffjPH98KxZz-gvUugAnCnd9ObzkZNVA9pWFmqwcskkvfEMxazv38=
href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?llr=aajwdndab&et=1107222753886&s=1050&e=001wOJ8v_iz9yFmmRDqQhJstVROv0XlLxTsGrRHTO3NWaC8VPReIIZTY0tgq569vnWWQuY4J_4YMPUyWXRyIf_0KX7SzssGyIDOYKHjMKriMSKlzmuomR8vTj-l0nnu1AkzD7bOyxVSu2uvxnLppzgZ0gyffjPH98KxZz-gvUugAnCnd9ObzkZNVA9pWFmqwcskkvfEMxazv38="><SPAN
style="COLOR: red"
title=blocked::http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?llr=aajwdndab&et=1107222753886&s=1050&e=001wOJ8v_iz9yFmmRDqQhJstVROv0XlLxTsGrRHTO3NWaC8VPReIIZTY0tgq569vnWWQuY4J_4YMPUyWXRyIf_0KX7SzssGyIDOYKHjMKriMSKlzmuomR8vTj-l0nnu1AkzD7bOyxVSu2uvxnLppzgZ0gyffjPH98KxZz-gvUugAnCnd9ObzkZNVA9pWFmqwcskkvfEMxazv38=>stuck
where they are</SPAN></A> until climate changes led to their extinction.” "You
could have a population where effectively you have the living dead," Thomas
said. "You have adult individuals, which are alive, but without recruitment [the
creation of offspring], the individuals die off."<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red">Providing plant and animal
wildlife migration corridors is a critical tool in our response to Climate
Change. Corridors 1,<SPAN class=062244312-05012012>6</SPAN>00 feet wide, to
include aquatic, riparian and upland habitat is generally sufficient for most
species, based on research studies. Besides Habitat being restored or preserved,
invasive species and water pollution have to be controlled enough for the
plants, animal, and fungi to migrate. Overharvesting lumber, menhaden fish, etc.
is also an issue. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><BR>Tools
include Program Open Space, Water pollution control,</SPAN></B><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">
</SPAN></B><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Conservation
Easements, Transfer Development Rights, Forest Conservation property tax
reduction plans, and Smart Growth with a cap at the non-developed location.
Smart growth alternatives to new highways is critical.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">One of
the most successful approaches has been to save an area before it is owned by
developers. One of the most common and unnecessary causes of transfer of natural
areas to development has been lack of awareness that there are many ways to
reduce property taxes to affordable levels. This is particularly important when
descendents receive land their parents wanted to preserve but have difficulty in
paying the inheritance and property taxes.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Detailed
information for the following abstracts for providing plant and animal wildlife
migration corridors is provided in the Land Preservation Tool Kit.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<H1><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><A
title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/
href="http://maryland.sierraclub.org/"><SPAN style="COLOR: red"
title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/>http://maryland.sierraclub.org/</SPAN></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></H1>
<H1><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal">http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0161.asp<o:p></o:p></SPAN></H1>
<H1><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><A
title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0384.asp
href="http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0384.asp"><SPAN style="COLOR: red"
title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0384.asp>http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0384.asp</SPAN></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></H1>
<H1><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><A
title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0196.asp
href="http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0196.asp"><SPAN style="COLOR: red"
title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0196.asp>http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0196.asp</SPAN></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></H1>
<H2 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in"><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></STRONG></H2>
<H2 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in"><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'">Establish and Maintain Greenways to Avoid
Fragmentation: </SPAN></STRONG><o:p></o:p></H2>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">The critical importance of preventing habitat
fragmentation by<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">maintaining greenways is now widely documented
and understood. Living<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">forms native to the area, both animals and
plants, depend on the<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">availability of sufficient space and food sources
and shifting<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">locations of habitat and food sources in order to
be able to thrive<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">and even to survive. <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">General management principles include providing
wildlife migration<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">corridors for re-colonization between natural
areas following local<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">extirpation due to seasonal, man-made, or
climatic stresses. Stresses<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">include natural disturbances such as the mosaic
pattern of storm<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">events, drought, diseases, fire, competitors,
predators, prey,<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">succession, floods and seepages. Some populations
of plants and<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">animals are "sources" of individuals which
migrate out and replenish<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">other populations known as "sinks". In addition,
sufficient space is<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">needed for large animals with large home
ranges.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>For example, in the general region proposed for the Cross
County<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Connector Extension spotted salamanders utilize
vernal pools and ponds<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">that are temporary over time. Many semi-aquatic
insects, salamanders,<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">frogs, snakes and turtles utilize aquatic and
terrestrial habitats in<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">their life cycle. The buffer zone for 95% of a
population of<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">salamanders would extend 534 feet from the
wetland edge into the<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">closed canopy terrestrial habitat.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">The maximum corridor width which most birds and
many mammals, plants<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">and invertebrates cross roads sufficiently to
reproduce and maintain<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">populations is two lanes. <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">A forest reserve primarily requires protection of
the forest interior<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">for birds including the area sensitive species
and wide ranging<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">species such as raptors. <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">"The Mattawoman is forty times more productive of
anadromous fish than<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">the seven other Chesapeake tributaries repeatedly
monitored by DNR"<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">including blueback and alewife herring in Chapman
Forest. Lack of, or<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">inadequate culvert placements at stream crossings
block fish passage<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">and isolate them from runs.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt" class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<H2><A title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0162.asp
href="http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0162.asp"><STRONG
title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0162.asp><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; COLOR: #333366"
title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0162.asp>Conservation
Easments</SPAN></STRONG></A><o:p></o:p></H2>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Conservancy for Charles County (See web site) An
excellent article on<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">conservation easements and donations of natural
areas appears in the spring,<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">2007, issue of NATURE CONSERVANCY vol. 57 No. 1.
on page 16.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">LAWS FOR THE LAND, New Federal Tax Law helps
Families Preserve<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Their Properties.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Reference the website of the Maryland
Environmental Trust, to whom a<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">conservation easement can provide an additional
tax break and which lists<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>contact information for local land trusts such as the Charles
County<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Conservancy throughout the State.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<H2 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in"><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'"><A
title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0163.asp
href="http://maryland.sierraclub.org/action/p0163.asp">Program Open
Space</A></SPAN></STRONG><o:p></o:p></H2>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Consult <A
title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/templates/layouts/www.dnr.state.md.us/greenways/greenprint/
href="http://maryland.sierraclub.org/templates/layouts/www.dnr.state.md.us/greenways/greenprint/">www.dnr.state.md.us/greenways/greenprint/</A>
to see if the natural area<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">proposed to be purchased is already recognized as
a priority area. If it is<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">not, conduct a survey with biologists for high
quality natural features<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">including wetlands. Offer to compensate the
biologists if possible since<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">many of these individuals, while often
volunteering, are swamped with such<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">requests. Compensation will enable the field of
available experts to expand<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">for all the citizens of Maryland.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">See <A
title=blocked::http://maryland.sierraclub.org/templates/layouts/www.dnr.state.md.us/pos.html
href="http://maryland.sierraclub.org/templates/layouts/www.dnr.state.md.us/pos.html">www.dnr.state.md.us/pos.html</A>
to pursue the application process with<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>local government agencies.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<H2 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in">Forest Conservation Plans<o:p></o:p></H2>
<H1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p> </o:p></H1>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Forest Stewardship Plans Offer Landowners Tax
Breaks—and More<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Landowners, do you want to preserve your land or
restore<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">it to its natural state for future generations?
For doing<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">this, you can get financial assistance, including
a property<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">tax reduction on your land, assessed on its value
set<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">at about $150 per acre. The current value depends
on the<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">current market based assessment.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p> </o:p></P>
<H2 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in">Endangered Species Tool Kit<o:p></o:p></H2>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">To determine if an endangered species may occur
in your natural area of<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">concern there are regulatory and non regulatory
lists. They are both<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">valuable for legal, geographic and scientific
support. Determine if any<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">listed species are indicated for your county or
are in the species range<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">that county lies in The species should be
carefully surveyed for during<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">the appropriate season for identification because
most studies are<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">inadequate in this respect. Reports by a
developer or agency that a<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">species is not known from the site is frequently
because surveys have<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">not been conducted. As an example of the
distinction between scientific<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">lists and regulatory lists, only about 2% of the
cave species in the United<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">States are listed by the federal government as
endangered or threatened.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">The Nature Conservancy has determined that 95%
are actually imperiled.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">In many cases a single event such as one chemical
spill from a nearby<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">highway can wipe out an entire species such as
blind salamanders,<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">cavesnails and crayfish.. Sewage, pesticides,
heavy metals, and fertilizers<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">wash into sinkholes and karst is destroyed
directly by roads, quarries,<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">and construction of buildings.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">See <A
title=blocked::http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/espaa.asp
href="http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/espaa.asp">www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/espaa.asp</A>
and<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><A
title=blocked::http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/rteanimals.asp
href="http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/rteanimals.asp">www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/rteanimals.asp</A>
<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">for the state endangered species act which is
supported by Code<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">of Maryland Regulations 08.03.08 and the official
State Threatened<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" class=MsoPlainText>and Endangered Species list as
well as species occurring in Maryland<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">that are listed or candidates for listing on the
Federal list of Endangered<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Species list, and additional
species.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<H2>Wetland Surveys Compliance with Sections 401 & 404 of the Clean Water
Act<o:p></o:p></H2>
<P class=MsoNormal>To stop development we delineate obligate and facultative
wetland plants. SOS (Save Our Streams) and Audbon Naturalist Society offers a
course. April-May is the best time to identify species. The U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service has listings of wetland plant species by region available on
the WWW at URL <A title=blocked::http://www.nwi.fws.gov/Ecology.html
href="http://www.nwi.fws.gov/Ecology.html">HTTP://www.nwi.fws.gov/Ecology.html</A>
<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<H2 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0in">-Non-Native Invasive Species Control<o:p></o:p></H2>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Non-native invasive species of plants such as
English Ivy, Japanese<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Stiltgrass and Kudzu are covering the natural
areas that we in the conservation<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">movement have worked so hard to protect from
habitat destruction,<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">erosion and water pollution. Just as we are
making progress on wetlands,<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">stream bank stabilization, and endangered
species, these plants from<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">other parts of the world have typically covered
20-90% of the surface<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">area of our forests, streams and meadows. Many of
us feel demoralized<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">and powerless to combat these invaders that have
few natural herbivores<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">or other controls.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">The Maryland Native Plant Society, Anacostia
Watershed Society and Sierra<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Club are establishing a program to provide local
groups and public and private<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">landowners with several models to draw upon in
the region. We are assisting<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">in developing a major work effort (three to five
years) at each site to remove<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">massive populations of about a dozen species.
Regular stewardship projects are<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">conducted in all seasons including winter, early
spring, late spring, summer, and<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">late summer.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">This high-intensity program is followed by a
low-intensity annual<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">maintenance program to eliminate plants we have
missed, plants<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">emerging from the seed bank, and occasional
plants migrating in<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">from neighboring areas.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<H2>Erosion & Sediment Control<o:p></o:p></H2>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; BACKGROUND: white">When the risk of erosion is
significant, it may be better to apply<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; BACKGROUND: white">herbicides rather than
mechanically removing non-native invasive<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; BACKGROUND: white" class=ecmsonormal>plants,
leaving the plant's roots to hold the soil, and its<BR>dead foliage as a
cover.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; BACKGROUND: white"> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; BACKGROUND: white">Native plant re-vegetation may
be necessary with native species<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; BACKGROUND: white">that are not cultivars and are
obtained from the wild or from nursery<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; BACKGROUND: white">stocks originally collected
locally in the wild. There are several<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; BACKGROUND: white">well researched species mixes
that include 12-16 herbaceous<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; BACKGROUND: white" class=ecmsonormal>and shrub
species including nitrogen fixers.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; BACKGROUND: white"
class=ecmsonormal> <o:p></o:p></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt" class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P><BR>
<DIV dir=ltr lang=en-us class=OutlookMessageHeader align=left>
<HR tabIndex=-1>
<FONT size=2 face=Tahoma><B>From:</B> apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Pamela
Zevit<BR><B>Sent:</B> Wednesday, January 04, 2012 12:35 PM<BR><B>To:</B> 'IUCN
SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group'; apwg@lists.plantconservation.org;
beehive@elert.ca<BR><B>Subject:</B> [APWG] Wildlife in a Changing Climate - FAO
2012<BR></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV><BR><SPAN class=970163117-04012012><FONT face=Calibri>( invasive species
starts on page 51)</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Calibri>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
pp.1-124<BR>Forestry Papers. Rome, 2012<BR>Ed. E Kaeslin et al.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><A
href="http://www.fao.org/forestry/30143-0bb7fb87ece780936a2f55130c87caf46.pdf"><FONT
face=Calibri>http://www.fao.org/forestry/30143-0bb7fb87ece780936a2f55130c87caf46.pdf</FONT></A><BR><FONT
face=Calibri>For the past twenty years climate change has been high on the
international<BR>agenda. Together with desertification, soil degradation and
biodiversity loss, it is<BR>widely recognized as the major environmental threat
the world is facing. Evidence<BR>is increasing that warming and other
climate-related changes are happening more<BR>quickly than anticipated, and
prognoses are becoming worse.<BR>This publication analyses and presents how
climate change affects or will likely<BR>affect wild animals and their habitats.
Although climate change has already been<BR>observed and monitored over several
decades, there are not many long-term studies<BR>on how the phenomenon is
affecting wildlife. There is growing evidence, however,<BR>that climate change
significantly exacerbates other major human-induced pressures<BR>such as
encroachment, deforestation, forest degradation, land-use change,
pollution<BR>and overexploitation of wildlife resources. Case studies are
presented in this<BR>book that describe some of the body of evidence, in some
instances, and provide<BR>projections of likely scenarios, in
others.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV align=left>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" align=left><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Papyrus; COLOR: green; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-US>Pamela
Zevit, R.P. Bio <BR>Adamah Consultants </SPAN></B></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt" align=left><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Papyrus; COLOR: green; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-US>Coquitlam
BC Canada<BR><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Papyrus">604-939-0523
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Papyrus; COLOR: green; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-US><A
href="mailto:adamah@telus.net"><FONT color=#0000ff>adamah@telus.net</FONT></A>
</SPAN></STRONG></P>
<P><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Papyrus; COLOR: green; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-US>Re-connecting People & Nature </SPAN></B></P></DIV></BODY></HTML>