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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Ty, Bob, and APWG:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Ty makes good points. The problem is so large and
the tools and resources available to deal with it so small that it behooves all
involved to optimally allocate those resources as wisely as possible. I would
add emphasis to Ty's comment, ". . . in our respective areas which are truly
invasive . . ." in that the same species can be much more or much less of a
problem in different areas/habitats. A little more emphasis on what we don't
know and a little less on what we are cocksure that we absolutely do know might
be a good start. I have spent a good number of years in ecosystem "restoration"
and "management," and still have a lot to learn. Many's the time I thought I had
the answers and Ma Nature gave me a swift reality check in the butt.
"Restoration" largely consists of reducing populations of colonizing species
(native and alien) over time. Ewel (1987) has pointed out that restoration is
the ultimate test of ecological theory and that resistance to invasion is a
characteristic of healthy ecosystems, natural and restored. I believe Ewel also
has advanced the proposition that even alien species can have a function in
ecosystem restoration, and I tend to agree, particularly when it comes to
annuals. I don't think we can ever expect to get rid of alien infestations or
significantly reduce their populations where disturbances of different times and
scales persist, such as off-road activities and grazing/trampling. Of course
there are exceptions, but they are just that--exceptions. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>A subject that doesn't get much discussion is the
phenomenon of "re-invasion," or the spontaneous colonization of an
alien-dominated site by indigenous species. A lot can be inferred by studying
this phenomenon. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>If panic reactions to the less critical species and
cases can be reduced, more attention can be allocated to the truly serious
issues of ecosystem degradation by invasive aliens. That way, the problem might
have a prayer of getting somewhere. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>WT</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Reference:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Ewel, J. J.</STRONG> 1987. Restoration is the ultimate test of
ecological theory. Pages 31-33 <I>in</I> W. R. Jordan, M. E. Gilpin, and J. D.
Aber, editors. <I>Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological
research.</I> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=tyju@xmission.com href="mailto:tyju@xmission.com">Ty Harrison</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=rlb14@cornell.edu
href="mailto:rlb14@cornell.edu">Robert Layton Beyfuss</A> ; <A
title=landrest@cox.net href="mailto:landrest@cox.net">Wayne Tyson</A> ; <A
title=apwg@lists.plantconservation.org
href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Monday, March 14, 2011 3:14
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] NEWS: Invasive
Species Widespread, but Not More Than at Home</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>I agree with what Bob and Wayne are saying about
the ecology of invasive species and the opportunistic characteristics of some
exotics in occupying "natural" disturbances in intact communities such as
gopher or badger mounds. I suspect we all could identify and classify
the newer bad actors in our respective areas which are truely invasive in
fairly undisturbed biotic communities. For the Northern Utah area where
I live, Dalmatian Toadflax, Yellow Star Thistle, Dyer's Woad, Canada Thistle,
and Ox Eye Daisy come to mind. I suspect all of these require some sort
of modest disturbance to allow "ecesis" in the Clementsian sense of introduced
species entering and establishing in an intact community (see for definition
of ecesis : <A
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_succession">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_succession</A>).
I'm sure there is a continuum between ruderals and invasives and it would be
nice to have this list for our various U.S. bioregions. Ty
Harrison</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=rlb14@cornell.edu href="mailto:rlb14@cornell.edu">Robert Layton
Beyfuss</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=landrest@cox.net
href="mailto:landrest@cox.net">Wayne Tyson</A> ; <A
title=apwg@lists.plantconservation.org
href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Monday, March 14, 2011 9:06
AM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] NEWS: Invasive
Species Widespread, but Not More Than at Home</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Hi
Wayne<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">I
agree with your comments. Some people consider most exotic plants as
invasive in all situations regardless of where they occur. This includes
many roadside weeds that survive in a hostile, manmade environment that many
native plants cannot tolerate but these plants are only rarely found 100
yards away from the highway. At least that has been my observation here in
upstate NY where I often wander off the road to see how far the invasive
plants that dominate the roadside may be found. I read here that Portland,
Oregon has an ordinance requiring the extermination of certain exotic
plants, seemingly because they present a threat to the native ecosystem of
the city of Portland? I am all in favor of protecting
undisturbed ecosystems and other places of native biodiversity from exotic
weeds but I wonder how many truly “undisturbed ecosystems” still exist in
most of the US. I have been pleased to note on this list serve that the tone
of the posts is moving more towards learning and understanding the processes
that lead to weed invasions and then designing a carefully calculated
approach to dealing with them as some of the posters here have done.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Bob<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Wayne
Tyson<BR><B>Sent:</B> Friday, March 11, 2011 5:08 PM<BR><B>To:</B>
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [APWG] NEWS:
Invasive Species Widespread, but Not More Than at
Home<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Yes, it
would be interesting. For some reason, many people in the alien bashing
business seem reluctant to discuss the difference between "invasive" plants
that are largely restricted to disturbed sites and which do not "spread"
significantly into or within undisturbed ecosystems (and when they do,
attempting to understand that in those cases that the presence of the alien
or other colonizing species within "undisturbed" ecosystems is possibly due
to small areas of disturbance [e.g., gopher mounds] within them, or other
relatively short-term phenomena that shift localized habitat factors in
favor of the alien/colonizing species) and those which progressively invade
undisturbed ecosystems. It appears that Sahara mustard belongs in the latter
group, but disturbance magnifies the effect, particularly to the casual
observer. </SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">I also
would be interesting to know (I haven't read the paper; no doubt it provides
this information) in which of these general categories (I am calling
them "obligate ruderals" and "true invasives," but am willing to
consider other, better terms) those included in the study fall. Some alien
species fall into both categories, still others might be considered mere
waifs. </SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">All
species are likely to perform best (be most successful) where conditions
favoring their requirements are all present at the right times, and will be
less successful in more marginal habitats. </SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">I have
recently suggested that disturbances connected with control measures such as
pulling and trampling, not the mention the use of vehicles, tend to favor
many colonizing species, so won't repeat those remarks here.
</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">I look
forward to all comments, especially those revealing my errors.
</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">WT</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; MARGIN: 5pt 0in 5pt 3.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: black 1.5pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none">
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">----- Original
Message ----- <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4"><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <A
title=ialm@erols.com href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">Marc Imlay</A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">To:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <A
title=apwg@lists.plantconservation.org
href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Sent:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> Friday, March
11, 2011 2:41 AM<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Subject:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> Re: [APWG]
NEWS: Invasive Species Widespread,but Not More Than at
Home<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P></DIV>
<P><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">It would be
interesting to know if the only 2.5 sites per species in home ranges were
natural sites or unnatural disturbed sites without competition from native
species. Native Switch Grass has been found invasive in America in
unnatural habitats but not in natural habitats and is a new invasive in
Europe. </SPAN></STRONG><o:p></o:p></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><STRONG><SPAN
style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy">Marc Imlay, PhD,</SPAN></B><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy">Conservation biologist, Park Ranger
Office</SPAN><o:p></o:p></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy">(301) 442-5657 cell</SPAN><o:p></o:p></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy"><A
title="blocked::blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com
blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com
mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"
href="blocked::mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com" target=_blank><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy">Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com</SPAN></A> <A
title=blocked::mailto:ialm@erols.com
href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</A></SPAN><o:p></o:p></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy">Natural and Historical Resources
Division</SPAN><o:p></o:p></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy">The Maryland-National Capital Park and
Planning Commission</SPAN><o:p></o:p></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy"><A title=blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
href="http://www.pgparks.com/">www.pgparks.com</A></SPAN><o:p></o:p></B></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">-----Original
Message-----</SPAN></STRONG><B><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">From:
apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org [</SPAN></STRONG></B></SPAN><A
href="mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org"><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org</SPAN></STRONG></A><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">] On Behalf Of Reinhart,
Kurt</SPAN></STRONG><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Sent: Thursday, March 10, 2011
11:59 AM</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">To:
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Subject: Re: [APWG] NEWS:
Invasive Species Widespread,but Not More Than at
Home</SPAN></STRONG><BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Okay, I'll bite & also do
some shameless self promotion.</SPAN></STRONG><BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A contrary view to Firn et al.
is provided using a single species (a prominent invasive tree species)
that was carried out across 40 total populations with slightly more than
half in its native range and nearly half in its non-native range in
Reinhart et al. (2010, New Phytologist </SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></B><A
href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03159..x/abst"><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03159.x/abst</SPAN></STRONG></A><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">ract). This study
concluded that measures of local relative abundance were considerably
greater in the non-native than native ranges. This study may not
seem like a direct comparison because the main topic relates to Enemy
release but comparable data are in the supplement (which apparently hasn't
been read by many). Others have made similar observations though
often without quantitative evidence for species like spotted knapweed,
garlic mustard, etc.</SPAN></STRONG><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Firn et al's ELE study's main
advantage over Reinhart et al.'s is their use of considerably more species
(26 species, 12 grass and 14 forb</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">species) at 39 sites. They
concluded species have similar levels of abundance in native vs.
non-native ranges. A conclusion from their paper is that many of the
grasses were common at home and away while many of the forbs were rare at
home and away. However based on information in their supplement, I
calculated that on average they have measurements for only 2.5 sites per
species in home ranges and 7.6 sites per species in exotic ranges.
Sampling more species per region is valued because many species have
incredibly large distributions and local abundances are variable
throughout. Sampling broadly is necessary to avoid forms of regional
sampling bias though researchers have to balance logistics (also see Adams
et al. 2009 as an example of an extensive sampling
network</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">(</SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></B><A
href="http://www.plantecology.org/Full%20text%20papers%20and%20abstracts/2009"><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://www.plantecology.org/Full%20text%20papers%20and%20abstracts/2009</SPAN></STRONG></A><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">%20papers/Adams%20Bioinvasions%202009.pdf).
Firn et al. help avoid this limitation by looking at numerous species
though more than half represent relatively minor
invasions.</SPAN></STRONG><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">I think what we would mostly
like to know is what traits/processes/interactions can we attribute to the
success of the most invasive species and whether their abundances, effects
of enemies, etc. differ at biogeographical scales. Following the
rule of 10s, these species represent the most improbable invasion
scenarios. So we shouldn't be too surprised if such rare events can
never be predicted without the benefit of hindsight. However, I
wouldn't be surprised if further studies, focusing on highly invasive
species which are the exceptions, reveal that most/many are cases where
the species attain greater levels of local abundance/dominance in their
non-native than native ranges. My 2 cents. You
decide.</SPAN></STRONG><BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Kurt
Reinhart</SPAN></STRONG><BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> 31. NEWS: Invasive
Species Widespread, but Not More
Than at</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Home</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">
Range (Olivia Kwong)</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Message:
31</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Date: Thu, 3 Mar 2011 08:27:30
-0600 (CST)</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">From: Olivia Kwong
<plant@plantconservation.org></SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">To:
apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Subject: [APWG] NEWS: Invasive
Species Widespread, but Not
More</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Than</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">
at Home Range</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Message-ID:</SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">
<Pine.LNX.4.64.1103030826390.1121@cpanel1-bb.epconline.net></SPAN></STRONG><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN;
charset=US-ASCII; format=flowed</SPAN></STRONG><BR><BR></SPAN></B><A
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110301111459.htm"><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110301111459.htm</SPAN></STRONG></A><BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Invasive Species Widespread, but
Not More Than at Home Range</SPAN></STRONG><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">ScienceDaily (Mar. 1, 2011) --
Invasive plant species have long had a reputation as being bad for a new
ecosystem when they are introduced.</SPAN></STRONG><BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Stan Harpole, assistant
professor of ecology, evolution and organismal biology at Iowa State
University, is founding organizer of a team of more than 70 researchers
working at 65 sites worldwide that tested that
assumption.</SPAN></STRONG><BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">See the link above for the full
article
text.</SPAN></STRONG><BR><BR></SPAN><STRONG><o:p></o:p></STRONG></B></P>
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<P></P><BR>_______________________________________________<BR>PCA's Alien
Plant Working Group mailing
list<BR>APWG@lists.plantconservation.org<BR>http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/apwg_lists.plantconservation.org<BR><BR>Disclaimer<BR>Any
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