<html><div>I don't have a paper, but anecdotally we've found that when the asian/Japanese shore crab, <em><strong>Hemigrapsus sanguineus</strong></em> moves in it pretty much decimates the native crab and even the introduced green crab alike by eating larvae. I had heard that talk about a study as to whether the shore crabs were also eating lobster larvae but don't know if it got funded. And there's also garlic mustard and the West Virginia White butterfly, <a href="http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/alpe1.htm">http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/alpe1.htm</a></div><div> </div><div> </div><div>Jennifer Pines<br>---------- Original Message ----------<br>From: "Marc Imlay" <ialm@erols.com><br>To: <apwg@lists.plantconservation.org><br>Subject: Re: [APWG] Exotics species overhyped, according to Feb.2011 SCI AMER article<br>Date: Fri, 28 Jan 2011 13:35:08 -0500<br><br></p><p> </p><div class="Section1"><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">-----Original Message-----<br>From: Tom Dudley [mailto:tdudley@msi.ucsb.edu] <br>Sent: Friday, January 28, 2011 12:24 AM<br>To: Marc Imlay<br>Subject: RE: Exotics species overhyped, according to Feb.2011 SCI AMER article</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Thanks for that response, Marc. I have to constantly remind people that<span style="color: #000080;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span>tamarisk is not good habitat necessary for sustaining birds, it is merely<span style="color: #000080;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span>satisfactory habitat that does provide usable habitat for a few species,<span style="color: #000080;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span>including one endangered one. We've seen increases in SW willow<span style="color: #000080;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span>flycatchers now in several locations where tamarisk is replaced by native<span style="color: #000080;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span>willows. FYI, I've attached a recent paper we did on the current<span style="color: #000080;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span>biocontrol assessment program in the Virgin River.</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Cheers,</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Tom</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Tom Dudley</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Marine Science Institute</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">University</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> of California</span></span></strong><strong></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Santa Barbara</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">, CA, USA</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> 93106-6150</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">&</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">University</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> of Nevada, Reno</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Office: Noble Hall 1128; Lab: Noble 1250</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Phone: 805-893-2911; Lab: 893-3057</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">tdudley@msi.ucsb.edu</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">http://rivrlab.msi.ucsb.edu/</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; color: #000080; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; color: #000080; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy;"> </span></span></p><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><hr size="2"></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">From:</span></span></strong><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Tahoma;"> Holly Sletteland [mailto:hslettel@calpoly.edu] <br><strong><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></strong> Friday, January 28, 2011 11:34 AM<br><strong><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></strong> 'Marc Imlay'; apwg@lists.plantconservation.org<br><strong><span style="font-weight: bold;">Subject:</span></strong> RE: [APWG] Exotics species overhyped, according to Feb.2011 SCI AMER article</span></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: #1f497d; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #1f497d;">I subscribe to Scientific American and was very dismayed to see that article. It takes a highly anthropogenic view of invasive species, contending that we should only worry about them if they cause harm to the economy or health and learn to live with most everything else. He acknowledges that some species have proven ecologically harmful, but downplays it, focusing instead on the supposed exaggeration of environmental impacts. Scientific American is very widely read. I would hope that someone with more impressive credentials than myself would take him to task for this article in a letter to the editor.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: #1f497d; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: Calibri; color: #1f497d;"> </span></span></p><div><div style="border: none; border-top: solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt; padding: 3.0pt 0in 0in 0in;"><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">From:</span></span></strong><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Tahoma;"> apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org [mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] <strong><span style="font-weight: bold;">On Behalf Of </span></strong>Marc Imlay<br><strong><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></strong> Thursday, January 27, 2011 5:02 PM<br><strong><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></strong> apwg@lists.plantconservation.org<br><strong><span style="font-weight: bold;">Subject:</span></strong> Re: [APWG] Exotics species overhyped, according to Feb.2011 SCI AMER article</span></span></p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Regarding “</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN">the exotic plant is considered a critical habitat for endangered bird species, such as the <a title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: windowtext;">southwestern willow flycatcher</span></span></a> that nests in its branches.” so was the </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">native cottonwood and willow trees replaced by the salt cedar critical habitat for the bird (There was only one listed endangered bird species, not several as implied). We have to replace the salt cedar that we remove with the original natives. In this case one of the benefits of the native ecosystem was retained by the exotic ecosystem but other benefits were lost. The biological control can be released where the endangered bird is not present but only mechanical and herbicidal control should be used where the endangered bird is surviving, and only gradually while the native trees grow up and support the endangered bird. The same phenomena occurred in Hawaii when the birds that endangered plants depended upon became extinct (because of us). It became necessary to retain non-native birds that the endangered plants need. We chose a less invasive species of bird to retain that worked for the plants. </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Regarding </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN">“There have been thousands of nonnative species introduced in the United States," he says, "and they have not caused one native species to go extinct.", Davis is incorrect. While it is true that invasive plant species alone on the mainland have caused few extinctions the same can be said for other causes. It is the cumulative impact that generally causes extinction. Examination of endangered and extinct species has shown that replacement by monocultures occurs over a significant portion of the ranges of about 40% of endangered species. For example, in a paper by Sam Fuller and myself, we did a field survey of the endangered mussel, Elliptio waccamawensis, in North Carolina We found that the invasive Asiatic clam, Corbicula </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: -.15pt; font-weight: bold;">manilensis</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN">, replaced the native mussels which we found dead on the banks but only where the creeks were disturbed by the Army Corps of Engineers. Where the Asiatic clam had not yet reached the disturbed habitat the mussels survived. The Asiatic Clam was present, but in a much lower density, in pristine unpolluted habitat and the mussels also survived. </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Fuller, S. L. H. and M. J. Imlay. 1976. Spatial competition between Corbicula <br>manilensis (Philippi), the Chinese clam (Corbiculidae), and the freshwater <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">mussels (Unionidae) in the Waccamaw River basin of the Carolinas (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Association of Southeastern Biologists, Bulletin 23(2):60. </span></span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: -.15pt; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: -.15pt; font-weight: bold;">[Abstract]</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: -.15pt; font-weight: bold;"> Dead mussel shells and abundant living Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) were found below the confluence of the Waccamaw River with the intracoastal Waterway (Horry County, South Carolina), where the river is profoundly disturbed by human activities. Above this confluence, where the river is, in general, little disturbed, mussels were found increasingly dominant over C. manilensis, as samples were taken further upstream, until the latter disappeared. C. manilensis reappeared in Lake Waccamaw (Columbus County, North Carolina), but mussels persisted in apparently diminished numbers. The lake is almost encircled by extant and potential land development, but its floor remains negligibly damaged. It appears that C. manilensis does not (and perhaps cannot) dominate indigenous bivalves in nearly or quite natural habitats, at least in slowly moving, soft bottom Coastal Plain streams of the Atlantic drainage. Corollarily, not to disturb aquatic habitats may be man's best defense against domination of the benthos by C. manilensis. </span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN">Cheers.</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; color: #000080; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-weight: bold;">Marc Imlay, PhD,</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; color: #000080; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-weight: bold;">Conservation biologist, Park Ranger Office</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; color: #000080; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-weight: bold;">(301) 442-5657 cell</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; color: #000080; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-weight: bold;"><a title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com" href="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"><span style="color: #000080;"><span style="color: navy;">Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com</span></span></a> <a title="mailto:ialm@erols.com" href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a></span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; color: #000080; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-weight: bold;">Natural and Historical Resources Division</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; color: #000080; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-weight: bold;">The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; color: #000080; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; font-weight: bold;"><a title="http://www.pgparks.com" href="http://www.pgparks.com">www.pgparks.com</a></span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: 30.0pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN">Alien Invasion? An Ecologist Doubts the Impact of </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: 30.0pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN">Exotic Species</span></span></strong></p><p id="articleDek" style="mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: 18.0pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN">Many conservationists have dedicated their lives to eradicating invasive plant and animal species, but Mark Davis wants them to reassess their missions</span></span></strong></p><p class="articleinfo1"><span class="byline1"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN">By <a title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/author.cfm?id=1575" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/author.cfm?id=1575"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Brendan Borrell</span></span></a> </span></span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN"> | <span class="datestamp3"><span style="font-family: Arial;">August 14, 2009 |</span></span> <a title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=alien-invasion-ecologist-doubts-exotic&page=2#comments#comments comments on this article" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=alien-invasion-ecologist-doubts-exotic&page=2#comments#comments"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: windowtext;">43</span></span></a> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; margin-bottom: 18.75pt; line-height: 18.0pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN"><br>As Chew and his co-authors point out in the March issue of <a title="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122240688/abstract" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122240688/abstract"><em><em><span style="font-family: Arial; color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none;">Restoration Ecology</span></span></em></em></a>, salt cedar was just a scapegoat in the <a title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=water" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=water"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: windowtext;">water</span></span></a> wars that have gripped the Southwest. Today, many early claims have been refuted and the exotic plant is considered a critical habitat for endangered bird species, such as the <a title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: windowtext;">southwestern willow flycatcher</span></span></a> that nests in its branches.</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; margin-bottom: 18.75pt; line-height: 18.0pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN">In his book Davis picks apart the claim that invasive species are the second-leading cause of extinctions. He traces that meme back to a 1998 paper by Princeton ecologist <a title="http://www.princeton.edu/step/people/faculty/david-wilcove/" href="http://www.princeton.edu/step/people/faculty/david-wilcove/"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: windowtext;">David Wilcove</span></span></a> and colleagues in the journal <em><em><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: normal;">Bioscience</span></span></em></em>, which he derides for being based on the "opinions" of field researchers. Moreover, most species said to be imperiled by invaders were located in Hawaii and on other islands, not the mainland U.S., where he is skeptical that alien species can gain a foothold. "There have been thousands of nonnative species introduced in the United States," he says, "and they have not caused one native species to go extinct."</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; margin-bottom: 18.75pt; line-height: 18.0pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;" lang="EN"><br> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">-----Original Message-----<br>From: apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org [mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] On Behalf Of Craig Dremann - Redwood City Seed Company<br>Sent: Tuesday, January 25, 2011 8:32 PM<br>To: apwg@lists.plantconservation.org<br>Subject: [APWG] Exotics species</span></span></strong> <strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">overhyped,according to Feb.2011 SCI AMER article</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Dear All,</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">February 2011 Scientific American article, page 74-77 "A Friend to Aliens,</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">by Brendan Borrell, an interview with Mark Davis of Macalester College in</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">St. Paul</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> MN</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Sincerely, Craig Dremann</span></span></strong></p></div></html>
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