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<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
font-weight:bold'>Regarding “</span></font></b><b><font face=Arial><span
lang=EN style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>the exotic plant is
considered a critical habitat for endangered bird species, such as the <a
href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27"
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27"><font
color=black
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27"><span
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27"><span
style='color:windowtext'>southwestern willow flycatcher</span></span></font></a>
that nests in its branches.” so was the </span></font></b><b><font
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>native cottonwood
and willow trees replaced by the salt cedar critical habitat for the bird
(There was only one listed endangered bird species, not several as implied).
We have to replace the salt cedar that we remove with the original
natives. In this case one of the benefits of the native ecosystem was retained
by the exotic ecosystem but other benefits were lost. The biological control
can be released where the endangered bird is not present but only mechanical
and herbicidal control should be used where the endangered bird is surviving,
and only gradually while the native trees grow up and support the endangered
bird. The same phenomena occurred in <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Hawaii</st1:place></st1:State> when the birds that endangered plants
depended upon became extinct (because of us). It became necessary to retain
non-native birds that the endangered plants need. We chose a less invasive
species of bird to retain that worked for the plants. <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in;
line-height:12.0pt'><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Regarding</span></font></b><b><font
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'> </span></font></b><b><font
face=Arial><span lang=EN style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>“There
have been thousands of nonnative species introduced in the United States,"
he says, "and they have not caused one native species to go
extinct.", Davis is incorrect. While it is true that invasive plant species
alone on the mainland have caused few extinctions the same can be said for
other causes. It is the cumulative impact that generally causes extinction.
Examination of endangered and extinct species has shown that replacement by
monocultures occurs over a significant portion of the ranges of about 40% of
endangered species. </span></font></b><b><font face=Arial><span lang=EN
style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'> </span></font></b><b><font
face=Arial><span lang=EN style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>For
example, in a paper by Sam Fuller and myself, we did a field survey of the
endangered mussel, Elliptio waccamawensis, in <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">North Carolina</st1:place></st1:State> We found that the invasive
Asiatic clam, Corbicula </span></font></b><b><font face=Arial><span
style='font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:-.15pt;font-weight:bold'>manilensis</span></font></b><b><font
face=Arial><span lang=EN style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>, replaced
the native mussels which we found dead on the banks but only where the creeks
were disturbed by the Army Corps of Engineers. Where the Asiatic clam had not
yet reached the disturbed habitat the mussels survived. The Asiatic Clam was
present, but in a much lower density, in pristine unpolluted habitat and the
mussels also survived. </span></font></b><b><font face=Arial><span
style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Fuller</span></font></b><b><font
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>, S. L. H. and M.
J. </span></font></b><b><font face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;
font-weight:bold'>Imlay</span></font></b><b><font face=Arial><span
style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>. 1976. Spatial competition between </span></font></b><b><font
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Corbicula</span></font></b><b><font
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'> <span
style='display:none'><br sb_id="ms__id259">
</span>manilensis (Philippi), the Chinese clam (Corbiculidae), and the
freshwater</span></font></b><b><font face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;
font-weight:bold'> </span></font></b><b><font face=Arial><span
style='font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:-.15pt;font-weight:bold'>mussels
(Unionidae) in the <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Waccamaw</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">River basin</st1:PlaceType> of the <st1:place w:st="on">Carolinas</st1:place>
(Mollusca: Bivalvia). Association of Southeastern Biologists, Bulletin
23(2):60. <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in;
line-height:12.0pt'><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:-.15pt;font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in;
line-height:12.0pt'><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:-.15pt;font-weight:bold'>[Abstract]<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in;
line-height:12.0pt'><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:-.15pt;font-weight:bold'> Dead
mussel shells and abundant living Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) were
found below the confluence of the Waccamaw River with the intracoastal Waterway
(Horry County, South Carolina), where the river is profoundly disturbed by
human activities. Above this confluence, where the river is, in general, little
disturbed, mussels were found increasingly dominant over C. manilensis, as
samples were taken further upstream, until the latter disappeared. C. manilensis
reappeared in <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Lake</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Waccamaw</st1:PlaceName> (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Columbus
County</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">North Carolina</st1:State></st1:place>),
but mussels persisted in apparently diminished numbers. The lake is almost
encircled by extant and potential land development, but its floor remains
negligibly damaged. It appears that C. manilensis does not (and perhaps cannot)
dominate indigenous bivalves in nearly or quite natural habitats, at least in
slowly moving, soft bottom Coastal Plain streams of the Atlantic drainage. Corollarily,
not to disturb aquatic habitats may be man's best defense against domination of
the benthos by C. manilensis. <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
Arial;font-weight:bold'>Cheers.<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'>Marc
Imlay, PhD,</span></font></b><font color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'>Conservation
biologist, Park Ranger Office</span></font></b><font color=black><span
style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'>(301)
442-5657 cell</span></font></b><font color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'><a
href="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com" title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"><font
color=navy title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"><span
title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"><span style='color:navy'>Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com</span></span></font></a> <a
href="mailto:ialm@erols.com" title="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a></span></font></b><font
color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'>Natural
and Historical Resources Division</span></font></b><font color=black><span
style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'>The <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Maryland-National</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Capital</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> and
Planning Commission</span></font></b><font color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'><a
href="http://www.pgparks.com" title="http://www.pgparks.com">www.pgparks.com</a></span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:30.0pt'><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'> <span lang=EN>Alien Invasion? An
Ecologist Doubts the Impact of <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:30.0pt'><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Exotic Species<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.25pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt' id=articleDek><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span
lang=EN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Many
conservationists have dedicated their lives to eradicating invasive plant and
animal species, but Mark Davis wants them to reassess their missions<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=articleinfo1 sizset=144 sizcache=22><span sizset=144 sizcache=22><span
class=byline1><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:bold'>By <a
href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/author.cfm?id=1575"
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/author.cfm?id=1575"><font color=black><span
style='color:windowtext'>Brendan Borrell</span></font></a> </span></span></font></b></span><b><font
face=Arial><span lang=EN style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'> | </span></font></b><span
class=datestamp3><b><font face=Arial><span lang=EN style='font-weight:bold'>August
14, 2009 |</span></font></b></span><b><font face=Arial><span lang=EN
style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'> <a
href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=alien-invasion-ecologist-doubts-exotic&page=2#comments#comments"
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=alien-invasion-ecologist-doubts-exotic&page=2#comments#comments
comments on this article"><font
color=black
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=alien-invasion-ecologist-doubts-exotic&page=2#comments#comments"><span
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=alien-invasion-ecologist-doubts-exotic&page=2#comments#comments"><span
style='color:windowtext'>43</span></span></font></a> <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.75pt;
line-height:18.0pt'><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'><br>
As Chew and his co-authors point out in the March issue of <a
href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122240688/abstract"
title="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122240688/abstract"><em><i><font
color=black face=Arial
title="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122240688/abstract"><span
title="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122240688/abstract"><span
style='font-family:Arial;color:windowtext;font-style:normal;text-decoration:
none'>Restoration Ecology</span></span></font></i></em></a>, salt cedar was
just a scapegoat in the <a
href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=water"
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=water"><font color=black
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=water"><span
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=water"><span
style='color:windowtext'>water</span></span></font></a> wars that have gripped
the Southwest. Today, many early claims have been refuted and the exotic plant
is considered a critical habitat for endangered bird species, such as the <a
href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27"
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27"><font
color=black
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27"><span
title="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biologists-arent-keeping-track-of-e-2009-05-27"><span
style='color:windowtext'>southwestern willow flycatcher</span></span></font></a>
that nests in its branches.<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.75pt;
line-height:18.0pt'><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>In his book <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Davis</st1:place></st1:City> picks apart the claim that invasive
species are the second-leading cause of extinctions. He traces that meme back
to a 1998 paper by <st1:place w:st="on">Princeton</st1:place> ecologist <a
href="http://www.princeton.edu/step/people/faculty/david-wilcove/"
title="http://www.princeton.edu/step/people/faculty/david-wilcove/"><font
color=black title="http://www.princeton.edu/step/people/faculty/david-wilcove/"><span
title="http://www.princeton.edu/step/people/faculty/david-wilcove/"><span
style='color:windowtext'>David Wilcove</span></span></font></a> and colleagues
in the journal <em><i><font face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;
font-style:normal'>Bioscience</span></font></i></em>, which he derides for
being based on the "opinions" of field researchers. Moreover, most
species said to be imperiled by invaders were located in <st1:State w:st="on">Hawaii</st1:State>
and on other islands, not the mainland <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region>, where he is skeptical that
alien species can gain a foothold. "There have been thousands of nonnative
species introduced in the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United
States</st1:place></st1:country-region>," he says, "and they have
not caused one native species to go extinct."<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.75pt;
line-height:18.0pt'><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'><br>
</span></font></b><b><font face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;
font-weight:bold'>-----Original Message-----<br>
From: apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] On Behalf Of Craig Dremann -
Redwood City Seed Company<br>
Sent: Tuesday, January 25, 2011 8:32 PM<br>
To: apwg@lists.plantconservation.org<br>
Subject: [APWG] Exotics species</span></font></b> <b><font face=Arial><span
style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>overhyped,according to Feb.2011 SCI
AMER article</span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Dear All,<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>February 2011 Scientific American article,
page 74-77 "A Friend to Aliens,<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>by Brendan Borrell, an interview with Mark
Davis of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Macalester</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">College</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> in<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><b><font size=3
face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>St.
Paul</span></font></b></st1:City><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'> <st1:State w:st="on">MN</st1:State></span></font></b></st1:place><b><font
size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:
bold'>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Sincerely, Craig Dremann<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
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