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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><b><font size=3 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;
font-weight:bold'>Our strategy has changed from eradicate to contain. The need
for action is still the same. <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'>Marc
Imlay, PhD,<U2:P></U2:P></span></font></b><font color=black><span
style='color:black'><U1:P></U1:P><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'>Conservation
biologist, Park Ranger Office<U2:P></U2:P></span></font></b><font color=black><span
style='color:black'><U1:P></U1:P><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'>(301)
442-5657 cell<U2:P></U2:P></span></font></b><font color=black><span
style='color:black'><U1:P></U1:P><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'><a
href="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com" title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"><font
color=navy title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"><span
title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"><span
title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"><span style='color:navy'><span
title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"><span
title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"><span
title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"><span
title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com">Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com</span></span></span></font></span></span></a></span><a
href="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com" title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"></a><a
href="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com" title="mailto:Marc.Imlay@pgparks.com"></a></span></font><span
class=apple-converted-space></span> </span></b><b><font color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'><a
href="mailto:ialm@erols.com" title="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a></span><U2:P></U2:P></font></b><font
color=black><span style='color:black'><U1:P></U1:P><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'>Natural
and Historical Resources Division<U2:P></U2:P></span></font></b><font
color=black><span style='color:black'><U1:P></U1:P><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
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w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><b><font color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'>Maryland-National</st1:placename></span></font></b></st1:PlaceName><span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-weight:bold'> <st1:placename u3:st="on"></st1:placename></span></b><st1:placename u4:st="on"></span><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on"><b><font color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;
color:navy;font-weight:bold'>Capital</span></font></b></st1:PlaceName><span
class=apple-converted-space></st1:placename><b><span style='font-weight:bold'> <st1:placetype u3:st="on"></st1:placetype></span></b><st1:placetype u4:st="on"></span><st1:PlaceType
w:st="on"><b><font color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;
color:navy;font-weight:bold'>Park</span></font></b></st1:PlaceType></st1:place></st1:placetype><span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-weight:bold'> </span></b></span><b><font
color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:
bold'>and Planning Commission<U2:P></U2:P></span></font></b><font color=black><span
style='color:black'><U1:P></U1:P><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'><a
href="http://www.pgparks.com" title="http://www.pgparks.com">www.pgparks.com</a></span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2011 13:11:14
-0800<br>
From: ipetrus@msn.com<br>
To: ipetrus@msn.com<br>
Subject: [Invasive Notes] Oplismenus Menaces the Mid <st1:place w:st="on">Atlantic</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='margin-left:12.0pt;float:right'>
<tr>
<td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><a
href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Oplismenus_hirtellus_subsp._undulatifolius-1.jpg"
target="_blank"><b><span style='font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none'><img
border=0 width=231 height=320 id="_x0000_i1026"
src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Oplismenus_hirtellus_subsp._undulatifolius-1.jpg"></span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt'><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><b><i><font size=1 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Oplismenus
hirtellus</span></font></i></b></span><span class=ecxapple-style-span><b><font
size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:
bold'> (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>undulatifolius</span></i> (Ard.)
U. Scholz</span></font></b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt'><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><b><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Flatbed scan of a herbarium
specimen (Uebel, 1,651C) collected at <st1:City w:st="on">Liberty</st1:City>
Reservoir, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Baltimore County</st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>
on 26 Sep 1997</span></font></b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> </span></font><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> A
dangerous-to-a-local-ecosystem invader with pretentions of beauty, even
possible ornamental use as a "naturalizing" ground cover, is quickly spreading
throughout the parks and woodlands of the Mid-Atlantic from <st1:State w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State>
through northern to western <st1:State w:st="on">Virginia</st1:State> including
the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Washington</st1:City> <st1:State
w:st="on">DC</st1:State></st1:place> region.<b><font color="#282828"><span
style='color:#282828;font-weight:bold'>[1]</span></font></b> This
relatively new invasive species seems to have arrived in the early 1990s,
perhaps even the late 1980s. a time that allows for its early efforts at
over-coming the odds of successful establishment. Armed with a scientific,
generic (genus) name that is daunting, the name </span></font></span><em><i><font
size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Oplismenus</span></font></i></em><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>, comes
to us from the<font color=black><span style='color:black'> ancient
Greek </span></font></span></font></span><em><i><font size=2 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>hoplismenos</span></font></i></em><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2 color=black><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
color:black'> meaning 'armed' referring to due morphological feature of a </span></font></span><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><a
href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8AprUHo6Dds/RrTmCzsnhmI/AAAAAAAAAQg/NN4fpkTicpE/s200/Oat+spikelet.JPG"
target="_blank">glume with awns<font color=black><span style='color:black'>.</span></font></a> (Chase,
1910)<font color=black><span style='color:black'> </span></font></span></font></span><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><br>
</span></font><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
</span></font><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><br>
</span></font><font size=2 color=black><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
color:black'> Today there is a chance to reign in its
spread before it replaces major parts of the ecosystems of the <st1:place
w:st="on">Chesapeake Bay</st1:place> region. Dr. Marc Imlay and is band of weed
warriors is seeking funding to quash the invasion before it becomes so big as
to be unstoppable. The land managers know they can contain it and "weed"
it out now; that they have a fighting chance to stop the spread, or at least to
surely slow it down enough to mitigate and limit the ecological harm it may
cause as it replaces the native species in the food web that occupy unique
niches in the present ecosystem.. Doing something now costs far less than
waiting to try to control it once everyone knows there is a problem. With
invasive species, by the time the every one feels or sees the problem, the
costs of control, containment or eradication exceed the resources available.
The weed warriors seek 3 million dollars to eradicate the expansion and reduce
the acreage under attack. Smaller amounts of funding mean smaller reductions of
this pest, and a resulting limited reduction in effect control. Of course any
reduction is better than none, but they know that they could get it all now
even as they watch it spread to that point of no return while we dither and say
perhaps there is no problem at all. <br>
</span></font><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><br>
</span></font><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
</span></font><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><br>
</span></font><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><a
href="http://www.eddmaps.org/distribution/secounty.cfm?sub=21294"
target="_blank">EDDMapS </a>shows the current distribution. <span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font color=black><span style='color:black'>Marc
Imlay, a relentless weed warrior, told me in 2006 [</span></font></span><font
color="#29303b"><span style='color:#29303B;letter-spacing:1.2pt'>Nov <span
style='text-transform:uppercase'>27, 2006<a name=116468289009166040></a><a
href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=35345193&postID=8181079641046401366"
target="_blank"></a> </span></span></font><font color="#1b0431"><span
style='color:#1B0431'><a
href="http://ipetrus.blogspot.com/2006/11/new-invasive-early-dedection-rapid.html"
target="_blank"><font color="#1b0431"><span style='color:#1B0431'>New Invasive;
Early Detection; Rapid Response</span></font></a></span></font><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font color=black><span style='color:black'>] that</span></font></span><font
color=black><span style='color:black'> </span></font><font color="#29303b"><span
style='color:#29303B'>"Paul Peterson at the Natural History museum
identified the grass as <em><i><font face="Times New Roman">Oplismenus
hirtellus</font></i></em> subsp <em><i><font face="Times New Roman">undulatifolius</font></i></em>.
He published a note on this grass in 1999 along with Charlie Davis, Ed Uebel
and Rob Soreng, when it was found to be a new record for <st1:place w:st="on">North
America</st1:place>. Ed Uebel discovered it in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Patapsco</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Valley</st1:PlaceType>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">State Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, (MD) and
another site several miles north of the park, occurring in small to medium
sized patches. It is native to southern Europe and southeastern <st1:place
w:st="on">Asia</st1:place>. It certainly sounds like it has the potential to be
another invasive since it is stoloniferous, has seeds that stick to clothing,
and appeared to be spreading according to Ed Uebel." I note that in that
posting the nursery industry's variegated ornamental species was suspected as
having mutated and escaped, a premise which since has been dismissed as
information from genetic testing has confirmed a distinct difference.<br>
(Talley & Ramsey, 2009) <br>
</span></font></span></font><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><br>
<br>
</span></font><font size=2 color="#29303b"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
color:#29303B'> The spread of this non native grass has
reached the mountains and woodlands of the Shenandoah and shows no signs of
slowing down. Folks say that this <em><i><font face="Times New Roman">Oplismenus</font></i></em>
from <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place>
can "eat" Japanese stilt grass, (a major invasive species, </span></font><em><i><font
size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><a
href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MIVI" target="_blank">Microstegium vimineum</a></span></font></i></em><font
size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> (Trin.) A. Camus), <font
color="#29303b"><span style='color:#29303B'>for breakfast and keep covering the
forest bottoms in a dense carpet creating a biological desert. At first there
was controversy as to whom to blame, and taxonomic lumpers and splitters trying
to decide exactly "which of what" was invading. The apparent genetic
plasticity found in the literature for the last two centuries of the species
world wide is a likely indicator of potential invasive tendencies, but the
recourse to absolute science has a tendency to hold up any action until the end
of the play. So for a decade or so the species wandered taxonomically and
ecologically in the wilderness of inattention. Searches through the scientific
literature since the early 19<sup>th</sup> century suggested that the genus was
remarkably prone to interspecific crosses. In other words this was a plant that
could adapt easily and readily to the north side of a mountain as well as the
south side and produce quickly seemingly different species based upon location
and morphology. The point is that the genus can survive in a wide range of
ecological conditions.<br>
</span></font></span></font><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><br>
</span></font><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
</span></font><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><br>
</span></font><span class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'> The genus </span></font></span><em><i><font
size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Oplismenus</span></font></i></em><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> is
globally dispersed and has challenged categorization since its first mention by
that great naturalist and botanist, Ambrose-Marie-François-Joseph Palisot de
Beauvois, around 1810. An aristocrat who travelled to West Africa, caught in
military actions between the French and British, forced to leave due to illness
for <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Haiti</st1:country-region></st1:place>;
he continued his collecting with a strange aside into the politics of slavery.
Once more finding his collections burned and this time forced to leave because
of the revolution, unwilling as an aristocrat to return to revolutionary <st1:country-region
w:st="on">France</st1:country-region>, he set out for the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place>. Destitute he arrived
in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Philadelphia</st1:City></st1:place>,
joined the circus as a musician and began "…curating the private botanical
collection of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale"
target="_blank" title="Charles Willson Peale"></a>Charles Willson Peale. He
joined the American Philosophical Society, contributed to its
Transactions, and resumed his collecting with the sponsorship of the French
Attache, Paul Adet, a scientist in his own right. Palisot's collecting trips in
the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region> ranged
from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River" target="_blank"
title="Ohio River">Ohio River in the west to </a><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Savannah</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Georgia</st1:country-region></st1:place> in
the south. He made several valuable discoveries, including that of a new
species of rattlesnake, and he passed several months among the <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_(tribe)" target="_blank"
title="Creek (tribe)">Creek and</a> Cherokee Indians. He was
elected a member of the American Philosophical Society, to which he communicated
a part of his observations. Palisot finally received word from <st1:City w:st="on">Paris</st1:City>
that his citizenship had been restored, and began planning his return to <st1:place
w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>, especially the freighting of his collections.
Dogged by misfortune, these collections were lost in a shipwreck off <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Nova Scotia</st1:State></st1:place><font
color=black><span style='color:black'> in 1798. Palisot returned to <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region></st1:place>
in the same year." </span></font><b><font color="#17365d"><span
style='color:#17365D;font-weight:bold'>[2]</span></font></b></span></font></span><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><br>
</span></font><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
</span></font><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><br>
</span></font><span class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2 color=black><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'> To say that the
taxonomy has been a little less than clear is to not do justice to the two
centuries of expert discussion. Ursula Scholz describes the contortions of
taxonomy clearly showing the pathway to the present epithet. She writes that
"…historical consideration of the genus proves clearly how difficult the
separation of the species from one another is. This was made especially evident
through the very objective research methods of Davey & Clayton. From that
one may doubtless conclude that through a classical systematic approach no
fully satisfying results can be expected." </span></font></span><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><b><font size=2 color="#282828"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#282828;font-weight:bold'>[3]</span></font></b></span><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> (Scholz,
1981)</span></font></span><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><br>
<br>
</span></font><span class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"
target="_blank" title="Nova Scotia"></a> As usual this
problem can be boiled down and thus simplified to: who cares? For most people
one grass is the same as another as long as it green. Few people are willing to
pay more to clean weed a park; a place they see was "wild" already
and suitable for weeds and other scary things. A few suggest that those who
love wild natural areas should bear the financial burden of maintaining what
they love so much. For them natural areas are a resource to be protect only
when it is generating economic value directly to them individually. A natural
resource that is not being exploited is simply wilderness waiting for human
labor to turn it into something worth while. The dumping of our biological
refuse onto unmanaged lands is not seen as a problem but rather one of the
principle uses of untamed, unmanaged, undeveloped landscapes. If the land has
not been shaped for a better use, why pay money to remove just another plant
that someone does not like? And finally there is the group that believes that
whatever problem may or maynot happen, we will deal with it when the time comes
if the problem is big enough we shall overcome somehow, but in the meantime we
have present problems of enormous cost that need dealing with on a more urgent
basis than removing one somewhat aggressive species from the woods. So the
question remains: Who cares? -our modern version of </span></font></span><em><i><font
size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Cui bono</span></font></i></em><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>? </span></font></span><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><br>
</span></font><span class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2 color=black><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'> Do you?</span></font></span><font
size=2 color=black face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;
color:black'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia" target="_blank"
title="Nova Scotia"><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:bold'><br>
</span></font></b></a></span></font><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><br>
</span></font><b><font color=black><span style='color:black;font-weight:bold'><a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia" target="_blank"
title="Nova Scotia"> <br>
</a></span></font></b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span
class=ecxmsofootnotereference><b><font size=2 color="#282828"
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#282828;font-weight:
bold'>[1]</span></font></b></span><span class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2
color=black><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'> EDDMapS. 2011. Early
Detection & Distribution Mapping System. The University of <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Georgia</st1:country-region></st1:place>
- Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. Available online at http://www.eddmaps.org/;
last accessed January 4, 2011.</span></font></span><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div style='border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
border-color:initial;border-width:initial'>
<h1 style='margin-bottom:1.2pt;line-height:14.4pt'><span
class=ecxmsofootnotereference><b><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>[2]</span></font></b></span><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2 color=black><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
color:black;font-weight:normal'> Palisot de Beauvois From Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisot_de_Beauvois"
target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisot_de_Beau</a></span></font></span><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-weight:normal'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisot_de_Beauvois"
target="_blank">vois</a></span></font></span><font face=Tahoma><span
style='font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></h1>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'><a
href="http://www-museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/workers/APalisot.htm"
target="_blank"></a><a
href="http://www-museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/workers/APalisot.htm"
target="_blank"><font color="#3366bb"><span style='color:#3366BB'>Palisot
biography - Scarab Workers</span></font></a> <a
href="http://www-museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/workers/APalisot.htm"
target="_blank">http://www-museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/workers/APalisot.htm</a></span></font></span><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=ecxmsofootnotereference><b><font size=2
color="#282828" face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
color:#282828;font-weight:bold'>[3]</span></font></b></span><span
class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2 color=black><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
color:black'> Scholz, U. 1981. Monographie der gattung Oplismenus (Gramineae).
Phanerogamarum monographiae Tomus XIII. J. Cramer, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Vaduz</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
217 pp. With 46 figures and 2 tables. Englush translation by Anthony McIntyre,
Spencer Atkins, and Felix Tweraser. Published by A.R Gantner Kommandit
community, FL-9490 VADUZ; © 1981 A.R. Gantner Verlag K.G., FL-9490 Vaduz;
Printed in Germany by Strauss & Cramer GmbH, 6945 Hirschberg 2 </span></font></span><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=ecxapple-style-span><font size=2 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>ISBN
3-7682-1292-0 </span></font></span><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black;font-style:italic'>"The genus
Oplismenus was not always unanimously defined. Palisot de Beauvois (1810)
identified seven species in addition to the type species O. africanus. Persoon
(1805) had previously put these together as two species groups: “Spic.
composita, spicul. compressis secundis” . Valid combination changes of these
species that Persoon quotes from Panicum, are first found in Palisot de
Beauvois, Essai d’une nouvelle Agrostographie: 53 (1812). They are as follows:
O. bromoides, O. burmannii, O. compositus, O. elatior, O. helvolus and O.
hirtellus. In addition, the species O. foliaceus and O. undulatiflolius were
named. The designation of “foliaceus” is clearly due to a typographical error
in which O. loliaceus is named a synonym, as only Panicum loliaceum Lam.
appears in the index of the Agrostrograph.</span></font></i><font face=Tahoma><span
style='font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black;font-style:italic'>The case of O. undulatiflolius
is more complicated. In text S. 54 O. undulatifolius – like the other speciesl
– is listed as nomen nudum. In the Index s. 168 “Panicum undulatifolium And
(Ard.)” is listed as a synonym for O. burmannii, and “Panicum undulatifolium ?
L.” is listed as a synonym of O. undulatifolius. As no Panicum undulatifolium
exists this combination is invalid (Niles & Chase 1925; Becherer 1929).</span></font></i><font
face=Tahoma><span style='font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black;font-style:italic'>The type species of the
genus O. africanus was described, illustrated, and nameed as a separate species
next to Panicum hirtellum L. and Panicum loliaceum Lam. by Palisot de Beauvois.
No voucher specimen is cited. Two specimens can, however, be studied, as they
were well known to Palisot de Beauvois and have comments on them: “types de la
Flora d’ Oware et de <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">benin</st1:country-region></st1:place>”
(G) and “dedit Palisot de Beauvois” (LE). Both plants are similar in their
habit (very delicate), they are however, relatively strongly differentiated in
their inflorescence characteristics. The specimen 1 from <st1:City w:st="on">Geneva</st1:City>
corresponds to the depiction in the Flore d’oware et de <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">Benin</st1:country-region></st1:place> and should therefore be
considered the lectotype. The specimen 2 from <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Leningrad</st1:City></st1:place> is intermediate between O.
hirtellus subsp. fasciculatus and subsp. setarius.</span></font></i><font
face=Tahoma><span style='font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black;font-style:italic'>Like Palisot de
Beauvois, R. Brown also tightly circumscribed his genus Orthopogon (Greek
origin: όρθός straight, πώγων beard) and only compiled species under it that
have awns in the outer three glumes and whose spikelets are pressed together
from the sides. He lists Orthopogon compositus (= Panicum compositum L.) and
three further species that he described, Orthopogon aemulus , Orthopogon
flaccidus and Orthopogon imbecillis.</span></font></i><font face=Tahoma><span
style='font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black;font-style:italic'>The genus Oplismenus is
described with similar circumscriptions by Roemer & Schultes (1817), Raddi
(1823), Nees von Esenbeck (1829 and 1841) , Bentham & Hooker (1883), Domin
(1915), Hitchcock (1913 on following pages), Koidzumi (1925) and Honda (1924
and 1930). In contrast to this circumscription, which we consider to be
Oplismenus s. str., are the interpretations of Kunth in Humbolt, Bonpland &
Kunth (1816) and Kunth (1833), Desvaux (1831 and E. Fournier (1816) who
sxpanded the genus to include the genus now known as Echinochloa as a section
of Oplismenus. Even so Sprengel (1825) also recognized Orthopogon. Later
however, like the earlier Poiret (1816) and after him Steudel (1854), Sprengel
reduced Orthopogon to a section of Panicum, while Trinius, in earlier works
(1820) accepted Orthopogon s. str. Mez (1917 and 1921) accepted Oplismenus (s.
str.), but added to it some species that belong in different genera.</span></font></i><font
face=Tahoma><span style='font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black;font-style:italic'>Schechtendal (1961-62)
divided Oplismenus into two sections, base on characterisics of the awns.
Species Oplismenus sect. Orthopogon (= sect. Oplismenus) have strong, red-gold,
smooth awns, whereas members of Oplismenus sect. Scabrista have delicate,
whitish, scabrous awns. This division appears sensible as the make-up of the
awns is an important criterion, both in physiological as well as in dispersal.</span></font></i><font
face=Tahoma><span style='font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black;font-style:italic'>Davey & Clayton
(1977), in their study of some of the species of the genus, adopted new interpretations.
They analyzed the species O. compositus, O. hirtellus, O. undulatifolius O.
aemulus , O. imbecillis, O. rariflorus and O. setarius according using
discriminate analysis (Cooley & Lohnes 1971). They compared all the species
and attempted to separate them. They concluded that some species are easy to
separate when one considers them within individual geographical regions, such
as <st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region>, Africa, Asia,
and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
When comparisons included specimens from multiple regions, however, they found
some species to be non-separable species, O. hirtellus, O. compositus and O.
undulatifolius. They concluded that there were no distinct boundaries between
these three species”</span></font></i><font face=Tahoma><span style='font-family:
Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:.5in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black;font-weight:bold'> </span></font></b><font
face=Tahoma><span style='font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=2
color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'><a
href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Oplismenus_hirtellus_subsp._undulatifolius-1.jpg%20"
target="_blank"></a></span></font><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<h1><span class=ecxapple-style-span><b><u><font size=2 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Bibliography</span></font></u></b></span><font
face=Tahoma><span style='font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></font></h1>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
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style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Drury, W. D. (Ed.). (1900). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>The Book of gardening: a handbook of horticulture.</span></i>
<st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State> & <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">London</st1:City></st1:place>: Charles Scribner Sons; L. Upcott
Gill.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Enomoto, T. (2003, ). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Weeds of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place>.</span></i> Retrieved August
10, 2010, from The Research Institute for Bioresources:
http://www.rib.okayama-u.ac.jp/wild/zassou_table.htm<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Harshberger, J. W., & Drude, O.
(1911). <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Phytogeographic Survey of North
America: A Consideration of the Phytogeography of the North American Continent,
Including Mexico, Central America and the West Indies, Together with the
Evolution of North American .</span></i> <st1:City w:st="on">Leipzig</st1:City>;
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>:
Wilhelm Engelmann; G. E. Stechert & .<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Hitchcock, A. S. (1935). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Manual of the Grasses of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place></span></i> (Vol.
Miscellaneous Publication 200 ). <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Washington</st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">DC</st1:State></st1:place>: Government Printing Office.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Hitchcock, A. S. (1922). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>The grasses of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Hawaii</st1:State></st1:place></span></i>
(Vol. 8 No. 3). <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Honolulu</st1:City></st1:place>:
Bishop Museum Press.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Hitchcock, A. S., & Chase, A. (1935). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Manual of the grasses of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place> </span></i>(Vol. 2). <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Toronto</st1:City></st1:place>: Courier Dover
Publications reprint 1971.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Hooker, S. W., Webb, P. B., Hooker, S. J.,
& Bentham, G. (1849). <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Niger flora: or,
An enumeration of the plants of western tropical <st1:place w:st="on">Africa</st1:place>.</span></i>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">London</st1:City></st1:place>: H.
Baillière .<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Johnson, H., & Staff, O. (1906). <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><i><span style='font-style:italic'>Liberia</span></i></st1:country-region></st1:place>
(Vol. 2). Dodd, Mead & Co.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Kyde, K. L. (2007, August 6). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Invader of the Month - Oplismenus hirtellus spp
undulatifolius</span></i>. (MD Department of Agriculture) Retrieved August 13,
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w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State></st1:place>:
http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/archived_invaders/archived_invaders_2007_08.html<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Kyde, K. L., & Marose, B. H. (2007). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Wavyleaf Basketgrass in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State
w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State></st1:place>:An Early Detection Rapid Response
Program in Progress.</span></i> Retrieved August 15, 2010, from Md Department
of Natural Resources:
http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/Plants_Wildlife/WLBG/pdfs/wlbg_poster011108.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Lamson-Scribner, F. (1899). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>American grasses Bulletin No. 17. (Agros. 40.).</span></i>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Washington</st1:City>, <st1:State
w:st="on">DC</st1:State></st1:place>: US Department of Agriculture, Division
of Agrostolgy.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Long, E. A. (1874). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>The home florist: a treatise on the cultivation,
management and adaptability of flowering and ornamental plants, designed for
the use of amateur florists.</span></i> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Buffalo</st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>:
Long Brothers.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Lord Britton, N. (1918). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Flora of Burmuda, Illustrated.</span></i> <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>: Charles
Scribner's Sons.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Luck, H. C. (1888). <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State
w:st="on"><i><span style='font-style:italic'>Queensland</span></i></st1:State></st1:place><i><span
style='font-style:italic'>: A Sketch.</span></i> <st1:City w:st="on">Melbourne</st1:City>:
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Queensland</st1:State></st1:place>
Commissioners Centennial Exhibition.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Maiden, J. H. (1898). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>A manual of the grasses of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State
w:st="on">New South Wales</st1:State></st1:place>.</span></i> <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Sydney</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">New South
Wales</st1:State>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region></st1:place>:
W. A. Gullick, government printer.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Mohr, C. T. (1901). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Plant life of <st1:State w:st="on">Alabama</st1:State>:
an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the
flora of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Alabama</st1:State></st1:place>,
together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state</span></i>
(Vol. ). <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Montgomery</st1:City>, <st1:State
w:st="on">Alabama</st1:State>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>:
Brown Printing Co.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><font size=2
color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>New
York</span></font></st1:PlaceName><font size=2 color=black><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Botanical
Garden</st1:PlaceType></span></font></st1:place><font size=2 color=black><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>. (1909). <i><span style='font-style:italic'>North
American flora</span></i> (Vols. 17 Issues 1 - 8). <st1:State w:st="on">New
York</st1:State>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">New York</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Botanical Garden</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Quattrocchi, U. (2006). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names,
scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology</span></i> (Vols. 1 A - D). <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Boca Raton</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">Florida</st1:State>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>: CRC Press;
Taylor & Francis Group.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Randhawa, G. S., & Mukhopadhyay, A.
(1986). <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Floriculture in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>.</span></i> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Mumbai</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>:
Allied Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Royal Society of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">South Africa</st1:country-region></st1:place>. (1909). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Transactions of the South African Philosophical
Society</span></i> (Vols. 18 1907-1909). <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Cape
Town</st1:City></st1:place>: The Society.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Scholz, U. (1981). <i><span
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Phanerogamarum monographiae Tomus XIII. J. Crame.</span></i> Retrieved August
10, 2010, from http://herbarium.usu.edu/translate/oplismenusscholz.html#intro<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Scott, W. (1899). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>The florists' manual; A Reference Book for Commercial
Florists.</span></i> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Chicago</st1:City></st1:place>:
Florist Publishing Company.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
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style='font-style:italic'>Managing the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Wet</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Garden</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>:
Plants That Flourish in Problem Places .</span></i> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Portland</st1:City></st1:place>: Timber Press.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Squire, D. (2004). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>The Bonsai Specialist.</span></i> (A. &.
Bridgewater, Ed.) <st1:City w:st="on">Cape Town</st1:City>: New <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Holland</st1:City></st1:place> Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Talley, S., & Ramsey, C. (2009). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Experimentally assessing the invasive potential of
plants.</span></i> USDA, APHIS. Ft Collins: INVASIVE PLANT ECOLOGY PROGRAM.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
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w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Texas</st1:State></st1:place></span></i> <i><span
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</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>The Chronicle. (1893). <i><span
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(Vols. 13 Third Series January - June). <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">London</st1:City></st1:place>:
Bradbury, Agnew & Co.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>The Chronicle. (1885). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>The Gardeners' Chronicle: A Weekly Illustrated
Journal of Horticulture and Allied Subjects</span></i> (Vols. 23 New Series
January - June). <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">London</st1:City></st1:place>:
Bradbury, Agnew & Co.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>The Chronicle. (1889). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated
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Co.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Trinius, C. B. (1820). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Fundamenta agrostographiae: sive Theoria
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J. G. Heubner.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>USDA. (1889). <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture 1888.</span></i> <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Washington</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">DC</st1:State></st1:place>:
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</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources
Program. (n.d.). <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Taxon: Oplismenus hirtellus
(L.) P. Beauv.</span></i> (National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Beltsville</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State></st1:place>)
Retrieved August 8, 2010, from Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25809<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>USDA, Div of Agrostology. (1900). <i><span
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w:st="on">Washington</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">DC</st1:State></st1:place>:
Government Printing Office.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=2 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>USDA</span></font></st1:City><font
size=2 color=black><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>, <st1:country-region
w:st="on">US</st1:country-region> <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">National</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Museum</st1:PlaceType>, <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">National</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Museum</st1:PlaceType> of Natural History (<st1:place
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(1917). <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Contributions from the <st1:place
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National Herbarium</span></i> (Vol. 18). <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Washington</st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">DC</st1:State></st1:place>: Govt. Print. Off.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
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w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">London</st1:City></st1:place>: The Gresham
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</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
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http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:q_BMtip0t7kJ:www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/triology/archive/4606.pdf+oplismenus+Toxic+Plants+of+North+America&hl=en&gl=us<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Wipff, J. (2009, June 16). <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>25.06 OPLISMENUS P. Beauv.</span></i> (Intermountain
Herbarium, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Utah</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>) Retrieved August
22, 2010, from Grass Manual on the Web:
http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/default.htm<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> <span class=ecxapple-style-span> </span></span></font><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> <br>
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target="_blank">Invasive Notes</a> at 1/04/2011 04:11:00 PM <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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