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<font size="-1"><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><big><font
face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I'm coming very late to this
thread, but agree with many of the points made...including Bob's
original premise that</font></big> "</font></font>I would prefer a more
thoughtful approach targeting protection of specific and highly
sensitive ecosystems instead of ill advised eradication programs that
are doomed to failure before they begin". I think a lot of money has
been wasted going after invasive weeds, primarily because there wasn't
a long term commitment. When that commitment is firmly in place,
incredible transformations can occur and monitoring can indeed become
an inexpensive proposition. I have several areas I monitor that were
heavily infested with everything ranging from star thistle to hemlock
to Himalayan blackberry, and its really a minor undertaking now. I may
find one or two plants, sometimes none. Nature is fortunately resilient
went given a hand, and while ecosystems dominated by natives are not
immune to intrusions, they certainly do a better job than highly
disturbed sites. And as a fellow Californian, I am moved and long for a
return to the days when "California hills and valleys were amazing
tapestries of color, covered by sweet-scented native wildflowers and
buzzing with native bees" as Daniel so eloquently described. The plants
may not be extinct, but those landscapes are. I think part of the
problem is that funding for weed eradication programs is often erratic,
with a lot of money up front and very little for long term monitoring.
I've seen a lot of groups say they would keep it going, only to let it
fall by the wayside with the first signs of financial belt tightening.<br>
<br>
Marc Imlay wrote:
<blockquote cite="mid:200809140149.PAV23723@erols.com" type="cite">
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">A Report on the Progress
of Invasive Plant Control Program <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on"><font
face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Maryland</span></font></st1:State></st1:place><font
face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"> Native
Plant Society, Anacostia Watershed Society and <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Sierra Club Habitat
Stewardship Committee Report <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Non-native invasive
species of plants such as English Ivy,
Japanese Stiltgrass and Kudzu are covering the natural areas that we in
the
conservation movement have worked so hard to protect from habitat
destruction,
erosion and water pollution. Just as we are making progress on
wetlands,
stream bank stabilization, and endangered species, these plants from
other
parts of the world have typically covered 20-90% of the surface area of
our
forests, streams and meadows. Many of us feel demoralized and powerless
to
combat these invaders that have few natural herbivores or other
controls. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">The Maryland Native Plant
Society, Anacostia Watershed
Society and Sierra Club are establishing a program to provide local
groups and
public and private landowners with several models to draw upon in the
region.
We are assisting in developing a major 5 year work effort at each site
to
remove massive populations of about a dozen species. Regular
stewardship
projects are conducted in all seasons including winter, early spring,
late
spring, summer, and late summer. This high-intensity program is
followed
by a low-intensity annual maintenance program to eliminate plants we
have
missed, plants emerging from the seed bank, and occasional plants
migrating in
from neighboring areas. We announce regular monthly projects at over 40
sites
in <st1:State w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State> almost all of which were
initially
started as a result of on-the-ground workshops conducted by current
MNPS
members in <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Charles</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">County</st1:PlaceName> and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Montgomery</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">County</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.
The Nature
Conservancy has also conducted projects on natural areas for many
years. MNPS
and the Sierra Club sponsor the monthly projects at <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Chapman</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Forest</st1:PlaceType> (800 acres), <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Swann</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Park</st1:PlaceType>
(200 acres) and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Greenbelt</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">National Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
(1.5 square
miles). They co-sponsor Little Paint Branch Park (150 acres) and <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Cherry Hill</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Road</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Community</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">Park</st1:PlaceType>
(15 acres) removals in Beltsville and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Magruder</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
in Hyattsville MD (15 acres) with the Anacostia Watershed Society and
provide
considerable assistance to the other projects. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">These sites serve as a
visible example of what can be
accomplished. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">The biggest challenge is
to ensure that in subsequent years
all the successful projects are carried on by responsible entities. Our
advice
to others considering similar projects are to recognize that
restoration of our
native ecosystem is realistic but requires an appropriate level of work
effort.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Many of us have done
extensive surveys of this area and find
that at least 80% of the natural areas are salvageable with a
combination of
mechanical and carefully targeted chemical control and no requirement
for
re-vegetation. The natives return on their own since they initially
covered the
majority of the surface area. We remove all the class 1 and class 2
exotic
species, typically 5-20 species, because otherwise if you just
eradicate one
exotic another one may replace the one removed. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Our policy is to use
carefully targeted, biodegradable
herbicides in natural areas, such as glyphosate and triclopyr, that do
not
migrate through the soil to other plants. Instead of spraying invasive
trees
such as <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Ailanthus</st1:City>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Norway</st1:country-region></st1:place>
Maple, and Chinese Privet we
inject concentrated herbicide into the tree either by basal bark, hack
and
squirt or cut stump. Seedlings are easy to hand pull. We wait for wet
soil
after a rain to hand pull, first loosening with a garden tool such as a
4 prong
spading fork so the center of the plant rises perceptively. At the 200
acre <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Swann</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>,
where we are essentially in maintenance phase after 5 years, 17 of the
19
non-native species are eradicated or nearly so. Only Japanese
Stiltgrass and
Garlic Mustard remain serious. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">All the methods,
techniques and/or findings of these
projects can be used where the initial cover of non-native invasive
species is
less than 30% of the total plant cover and adequately where under 70%
cover. At
higher percent coverage the chemical component is more overwhelming and
native
plant re-vegetation may be necessary with native species that are not
cultivars
and are obtained from the wild or from nursery stocks originally
collected
locally in the wild. There are several well researched species mixes
that
include 12-16 herbaceous and shrub species including nitrogen fixers. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><st1:PersonName w:st="on"><font face="Arial"
size="4"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Marc</span></font></st1:PersonName><font
face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"> Imlay , PhD
Conservation biologist, Anacostia Watershed Society <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">301-699-6204, 301-283-0808<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Board member of the
Mid-Atlantic Exotic Pest Plant Council, <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Hui o Laka at <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Kokee State Park</st1:City>, <st1:State
w:st="on">Hawaii</st1:State></st1:place> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Vice president of the
Maryland Native Plant Society, <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Chair of the Biodiversity
and Habitat Stewardship Committee <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">for the <st1:State
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Maryland</st1:place></st1:State>
Chapter of the Sierra Club. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Remember our five year
goal: It is considered standard that
such invasive plant removal projects are normally done throughout the
region,
the nation, and the world. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">-----Original Message-----<br>
From: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org">apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org</a>
[<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org">mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org</a>] On Behalf Of Bob
Beyfuss<br>
Sent: Friday, September 12, 2008 10:15 AM<br>
To: Michael Schenk; <st1:PersonName w:st="on"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</a></st1:PersonName><br>
Subject: Re: [APWG] Invaders<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Hi All<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">There is no question that
globalization has dramatically
accelerated the <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">spread of invasive
species but I really do not see any
possibility at all <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">of that situation
changing in the future. In fact, it is
likely to become <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">much worse in the next
few decades. The question that
arises, is how do we <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">react? I don't think
that simply declaring
"war" on all invasive species <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">anywhere they occur and
at whatever rate of infestation is
the answer. The <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">older I get, the less
convinced I am that war is the answer
for most of our <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">problems. I would prefer
a more thoughtful approach
targeting protection <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">of specific and highly
sensitive ecosystems instead of ill
advised <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">eradication programs that
are doomed to failure before they
begin. The <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Director of our local
Nature Conservancy told me that he
could spend 90% of <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">his entire budget for the
next three years, attempting to
eradicate <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">roadside garlic mustard
with the only certain outcome that
he would have to <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">start all over again in 3
years. When I see eradication
programs conducted <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">in highly disturbed urban
environments I wonder if the cost
justifies the <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">temporary results.
Ultimately, the disturbances that led to
the invasions <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">remain and often the
results of widespread herbicide applications
only <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">insure that the problem.
Unless the entity that is applying
any herbicide <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">against invasives can
reasonably predict that the outcome of
that <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">application will result
in the desired reestablishment of
the plant <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">community it is designed
to protect, I question the action.
In simple <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">terms, killing invasive
plants simply because "they are
there" with no real <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">clue as to what will
follow, is bad policy.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Bob<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">At 11:49 AM 9/11/2008,
Michael Schenk wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>Bob, thanks for the
article.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>This article contains
an excellent summary of the
unprecedented threat of <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>the modern spread of
invasive species: the vastly
accelerated rate of <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>invasion, coupled
with the stress placed on ecosystems
by induced rapid <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>changes. Read through
to the latter part, past the
feel-good stuff about <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>the fossil record. Of
course the fossil record doesn't
contain anything <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>comparable. There was
no highly mobile technological
species imposing <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>geological rates of
change in decades as opposed to
millions of years.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>Change in species
diversity and ranges happens
constantly. It's the rate <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>of change which is
worrisome. The rate of change from a
major asteroid <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>strike, scaled in
weeks or years, is more similar to the
current rate of <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>change than the
megayears we'll find in the fossil
record.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>Mike<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >Message: 1<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >Date: Wed, 10
Sep 2008 14:53:13 -0400<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >From: Bob
Beyfuss <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:rlb14@cornell.edu"><rlb14@cornell.edu></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >Subject: [APWG]
Fwd: Friendly Invaders<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >To: <st1:PersonName
w:st="on"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:apwg@lists.plantconservation.org">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</a></st1:PersonName><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >Message-ID:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:6.2.1.2.2.20080910145256.051d6008@postoffice8.mail.cornell.edu"><6.2.1.2.2.20080910145256.051d6008@postoffice8.mail.cornell.edu></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >Content-Type:
text/plain;
charset="iso-8859-1"<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> ><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> ><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>X-Mailer:
QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version
6.2.5.6<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>Date: Tue,
09 Sep 2008 14:11:52 -0400<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>X-PH:
V4.1@granite2<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>To:
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:rlb14@cornell.edu">rlb14@cornell.edu</a>,
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:jrh45@cornell.edu"><jrh45@cornell.edu></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>From: Gary
Goff <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:grg3@cornell.edu"><grg3@cornell.edu></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>Subject:
Fwd: Friendly Invaders<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>X-PMX-Version: 5.3.1.294258, Antispam-Engine:
2.5.1.298604, Antispam-Data:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>2008.7.13.8<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version
6.2.5.6<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Date:
Tue, 09 Sep 2008 08:57:20 -0400<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>X-PH:
V4.1@granite2<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>X-PH:
V4.1@tulip<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>To:
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:CCE-INVASIVESPECIES-L@cornell.edu">CCE-INVASIVESPECIES-L@cornell.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>From:
"Robert J. Kent"
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:rjk13@cornell.edu"><rjk13@cornell.edu></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Subject:
Friendly Invaders<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Cc:
Charlie Scheer
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:cfscheer@optonline.net"><cfscheer@optonline.net></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>X-PMX-Version: 5.3.1.294258,
Antispam-Engine: 2.5.1.298604,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>Antispam-Data: 2008.8.17.85208<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>X-PMX-Version: 5.4.1.325704,
Antispam-Engine: 2.6.0.325393,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>Antispam-Data: 2008.9.9.124319<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>List-Unsubscribe: <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:leave-3026195-7370812N@list.cornell.edu"><
mailto:leave-3026195-7370812N@list.cornell.edu></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>List-Subscribe: <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:subscribe-cce-invasivespecies-l@list.cornell.edu"><
mailto:subscribe-cce-invasivespecies-l@list.cornell.edu></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>List-Owner: <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:owner-cce-invasivespecies-l@list.cornell.edu"><
mailto:owner-cce-invasivespecies-l@list.cornell.edu></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>Reply-To: "Robert J. Kent"
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:rjk13@cornell.edu"><rjk13@cornell.edu></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Sender:
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:bounce-3026195-7370812@list.cornell.edu">bounce-3026195-7370812@list.cornell.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>X-LYRIS-Message-Id:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>><<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:LYRIS-7370812-3026195-2008.09.09-08.57.30--grg3#cornell.edu@list.corne">LYRIS-7370812-3026195-2008.09.09-08.57.30--grg3#cornell.edu@list.corne</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> ll.edu><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>NY Times<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>September 9, 2008<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Friendly
Invaders<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>By <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?ppds=bylL&v1=CARL"><http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?ppds=bylL&v1=CARL
></a>>>ZIMMER&fdq=199 <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
60101&td=sysdate&sort=newest&ac=CARL<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>ZIMMER&inline=nyt-per>CARL ZIMMER<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:place></st1:country-region>
is home to 2,065 native
plants found nowhere else on Earth.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>They
range from magnificent towering kauri
trees to tiny flowers that<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>form
tightly packed mounds called vegetable
sheep.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>When
Europeans began arriving in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
they brought with them<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>alien
plants ? crops, garden plants and
stowaway weeds. Today, 22,000<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>non-native plants grow in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
Most of them can survive only with<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>the
loving care of gardeners and farmers.
But 2,069 have become<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>naturalized: they have spread out across
the islands on their own. There<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>are more
naturalized invasive plant species
in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:place></st1:country-region>
than native <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> species.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>It
sounds like the makings of an ecological
disaster: an epidemic of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>invasive
species that wipes out the
delicate native species in its path.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>But in a
paper published in August in The<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>><<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/p/pr">http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/p/pr</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
oceedings_of_the_national_academy_of_sciences/index.html?inline=nyt-org>Proceedings
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>of the
National Academy of Sciences, Dov
Sax, an ecologist at<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>><<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/b/br">http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/b/br</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
own_university/index.html?inline=nyt-org>Brown<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>University, and Steven D. Gaines, a marine
biologist at the University of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><st1:State
w:st="on">California</st1:State>,
<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Santa Barbara</st1:place></st1:City>,
point out that the invasion has not led to a<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>mass
extinction of native plants. The
number of documented extinctions of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>native <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:place></st1:country-region>
plant species is a grand
total of three.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Exotic
species receive lots of attention
and create lots of worry. Some<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>scientists consider biological invasions
among the top two or three<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>forces
driving species into extinction. But
Dr. Sax, Dr. Gaines and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>several
other researchers argue that
attitudes about exotic species are<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>too
simplistic. While some invasions are
indeed devastating, they often<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>do not
set off extinctions. They can even
spur the evolution of new <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> diversity.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>?I hate
the ?exotics are evil? bit, because
it?s so unscientific,? Dr.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Sax said.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Dr. Sax
and his colleagues are at odds with
many other experts on<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>invasive
species. Their critics argue that
the speed with which species<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>are
being moved around the planet, combined
with other kinds of stress on<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>the
environment, is having a major impact.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>There is
little doubt that some invasive
species have driven native<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>species
extinct. But Dr. Sax argues that
they are far more likely to be<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>predators than competitors.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>In their
new paper, Dr. Sax and Dr. Gaines
analyze all of the documented<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>extinctions of vertebrates that have been
linked to invasive species.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>Four-fifths of those extinctions were
because of introduced predators<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>like
foxes, cats and rats. The Nile perch
was introduced into <st1:place w:st="on">Lake</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><st1:State
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Victoria</st1:place></st1:State>
in 1954 for food. It then began wiping out native fish by <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> eating them.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>?If you
can eat something, you can eat it
everywhere it lives,? Dr. Sax<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>said.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>But Dr.
Sax and Dr. Gaines argue that
competition from exotic species<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>shows
little sign of causing extinctions.
This finding is at odds with<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>traditional concepts of ecology, Dr. Sax
said. Ecosystems have often been<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>seen as
having a certain number of niches
that species can occupy. Once<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>an
ecosystem?s niches are full, new species
can take them over only if<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>old
species become extinct.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>But as
real ecosystems take on exotic
species, they do not show any sign<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>of being
saturated, Dr. Sax said. In their
paper, Dr. Sax and Dr. Gaines<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>analyze
the rise of exotic species on six
islands and island chains.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Invasive
plants have become naturalized at
a steady pace over the last<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>two
centuries, with no sign of slowing
down. In fact, the total diversity<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>of these
islands has doubled.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Fish
also show this pattern, said James
Brown of the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>><<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/un">http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/un</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
iversity_of_new_mexico/index.html?inline=nyt-org>University<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>of <st1:State
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Mexico</st1:place></st1:State>. He
said that whenever he visits a river where
exotic fish<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>have
been introduced, ?I ask, ?Have you
seen any extinctions of the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>natives?? ? ?The first response you get is,
?Not yet,? as if the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>extinction of the natives is an inevitable
consequence. There?s this<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>article
of faith that the net effect is
negative.?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Dr.
Brown does not think that faith is
warranted. In <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Hawaii</st1:place></st1:State>,
for example,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>40 new
species of freshwater fish have
become established, and the 5<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>native
species are still present. Dr. Brown
and his colleagues<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>acknowledge that invasive species can push
native species out of much of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>their
original habitat. But they argue that
native species are not<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>becoming
extinct, because they compete
better than the invasive species<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>in
certain refuges.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>These
scientists also point out that
exotics can actually spur the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>evolution of new diversity. A North
American plant called saltmarsh<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>cordgrass was introduced into <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">England</st1:place></st1:country-region> in the
19th century, where it<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>interbred with the native small cordgrass.
Their hybrid offspring could<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>not
reproduce with either original species,
producing a new species<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>called
common cordgrass.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Long
before humans moved plants around,
many plants hybridized into new<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>species
by this process. ?Something like a
third of the plant species you<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>see
around you formed that way,? Dr. Sax
said.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>Biological invasions also set off bursts of
natural selection. House<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>sparrows, for example, have moved to North
America from <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place> and have<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>spread
across the whole continent. ?Natural
selection will start to<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>change
them,? Dr. Sax said. ?If you give
that process enough time, they<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>will
become new species.?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>?The
natives themselves are also likely to
adapt,? Dr. Sax added. Some of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>the
fastest rates of evolution ever
documented have taken place in native<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>species
adapting to exotics. Some
populations of soapberry bugs in<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><st1:State
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Florida</st1:place></st1:State>,
for example, have shifted from feeding on a native plant, the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>balloon
vine, to the goldenrain tree,
introduced from <st1:place w:st="on">Asia</st1:place> by landscapers<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>in the
1950s. In five decades, the smaller
goldenrain seeds have driven<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>the
evolution of smaller mouthparts in the
bugs, along with a host of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>other
changes.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>In <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Australia</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
the introduction of cane
toads in the 1930s has also<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>spurred
evolution in native animals. ?Now
that you have cane toads in<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Australia</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
there?s a strong
advantage for snakes that can eat them,? said<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Mark
Vellend, of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">British Columbia</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>.
Cane toads are<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>protected by powerful toxins in their skin that
can kill predators that<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>try to
eat them. But in parts of the
country where the toads now live,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>black
snakes are resistant to the toxins in
their skin. In the parts<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>where
the toad has yet to reach, the snakes
are still vulnerable.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Dr.
Brown argues that huge negative effects
of invasions are not<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>documented in the fossil record, either.
?You see over and over and over<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>again
that this is never the case,? he
said. Species have invaded new<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>habitats
when passageways between oceans
have opened up or when<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>continents have collided.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>?The
overall pattern almost always is that
there?s some net increase in<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>diversity,? Dr. Brown said. ?That seems to
be because these communities<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>of
species don?t completely fill all the
niches. The exotics can fit <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> in there.?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>In a
recent paper in the journal Science,
Peter Roopnarine of the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><st1:State
w:st="on">California</st1:State>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Academy</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Sciences</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> and
Geerat Vermeij of the
University of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><st1:State
w:st="on">California</st1:State>,
<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Davis</st1:place></st1:City>,
looked
at the history of invasions among species of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>mollusks, a group that includes mussels,
clams and whelks. About 3.5<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>million
years ago, the mollusks of the
North Pacific staged a major<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>invasion
of the <st1:place w:st="on">North Atlantic</st1:place>. Before then,
the <st1:place w:st="on">Arctic Ocean</st1:place>
had created<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>a
barrier, because the mussels could not
survive in the dark,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>nutrient-poor water under the ice.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>A period
of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>><<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index">http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index</a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
html?inline=nyt-classifier>global<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>warming
made the <st1:place w:st="on">Arctic</st1:place>
less forbidding. Yet the migration did not lead<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>to a
significant drop in the diversity of
the Atlantic native mussels.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Instead,
the <st1:place w:st="on">Atlantic</st1:place>?s
diversity rose. Along with the extra exotic<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>species,
new species may have arisen
through hybridization.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>The <st1:place
w:st="on">Arctic Ocean</st1:place>
is now warming again, this time because of human<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>activity. Computer projections indicate it
will become ice-free at least<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>part of
the year by 2050. Dr. Roopnarine and
Dr. Vermeij predicted that<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>today?s
mollusks would make the same
transoceanic journey they did 3.5<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>million
years ago. They also expect the
invasion to increase, rather than<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>decrease, diversity.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>But
critics, including Anthony Ricciardi of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>><<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/m/mc">http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/m/mc</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
gill_university/index.html?inline=nyt-org>McGill<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>University in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Montreal</st1:place></st1:City>,
argue that today?s biological
invasions are<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>fundamentally different from those of the
past.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>?What?s
happening now is a major form of
global change,? Dr. Ricciardi<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>said.
?Invasions and extinctions have
always been around, but under human<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>influence species are being transported
faster than ever before and to<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>remote
areas they could never reach. You
couldn?t get 35 European mammals<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>in <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:place></st1:country-region>
by natural mechanisms.
They couldn?t jump from one end of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>the
world to another by themselves.?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>It is
estimated that humans move 7,000
species a day. In the process,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>species
are being thrown together in
combinations that have never been<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>seen
before. ?We?re seeing the assembly of
new food webs,? said Phil<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Cassey
of the <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Birmingham</st1:PlaceName> in <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">England</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
Those
new combinations<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>may
allow biological invasions to drive
species extinct in unexpected <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> ways.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>><<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/botulism/overview.html">http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/botulism/overview.html</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
?inline=nyt-classifier>Botulism,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>for
example, is killing tens of thousands
of birds around the Great<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Lakes.
Studies indicate that two invasive
species triggered the outbreak.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>The
quagga mussel, introduced from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
filters the water for food,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>making
it clearer. The sunlight that
penetrates the lakes allows algae to<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>bloom,
and dead algae trigger an explosion
of oxygen-consuming bacteria.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>As the
oxygen level drops, the
botulism-causing bacteria can multiply.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>The
quagga mussels take up the bacteria,
and they in turn are eaten by<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>another
invasive species: a fish known as
the round goby. When birds eat<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>round
gobies, they become infected and die.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>?If you
pour on more species, you don?t
just increase the probability<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>that one
is going to arrive that?s going to
have a high impact,? Dr.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>Ricciardi said. ?You also get the
possibility of some species that<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>triggers
a change in the rules of
existence.?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Dr.
Ricciardi argues that biological
invasions are different today for<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>another
reason: they are occurring as
humans are putting other kinds of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>stress
on ecosystems. ?Invasions will
interact with climate change and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>habitat
loss,? he said. ?. We?re going to
see some unanticipated <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> synergies.?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>Both
sides agree, however, that decisions
about invasive species should<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>be based
on more than just a tally of
positive and negative effects on<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>diversity. Invasive weeds can make it
harder to raise crops and graze<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>livestock, for example. The Asian
long-horned beetle is infesting forests<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>across
the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>
and is expected to
harm millions of acres of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>hardwood
trees. Zebra mussels have clogged
water supply systems in the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>Midwestern <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Exotic
species can
also harm humans? health.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>?<<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/west-nile-virus/overv">http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/west-nile-virus/overv</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
iew.html?inline=nyt-classifier><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><st1:place
w:st="on">West Nile</st1:place>
virus,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>><<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html">http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html</a>?
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
inline=nyt-classifier>influenza<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>? these
things are invasions,? Dr.
Ricciardi said.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>On the
other hand, some invasive species
are quite important. In the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>United
States, many crops are pollinated by
honeybees originally<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>>introduced from <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>?It?s
not that this is all good or all bad,
and I?m not sure science<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>should
be the arbiter,? Dr. Brown said.
?Placing values on these things<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>>is the
job of society as a whole.?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>>-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>Gary R. Goff<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>104 Fernow
Hall, <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Cornell</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType>, <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Ithaca</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">NY</st1:State>
<st1:PostalCode w:st="on">14853</st1:PostalCode></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >>ph.
607/255-2824; fax 607/255-2815;
e-mail: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:grg3@cornell.edu">grg3@cornell.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.cornellmfo.info">www.cornellmfo.info</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.dnr.cornell.edu/people/ra/profiles/goff.html">http://www.dnr.cornell.edu/people/ra/profiles/goff.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">> >End of APWG
Digest, Vol 60, Issue 3<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>
>***********************************<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>PCA's Alien Plant
Working Group mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:APWG@lists.plantconservation.org">APWG@lists.plantconservation.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/apwg_lists.plantconservation.org">http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/apwg_lists.plantconservation.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>Disclaimer<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>Any requests, advice
or opinions posted to this list
reflect ONLY the <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">>opinion of the
individual posting the message.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">PCA's Alien Plant Working
Group mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:APWG@lists.plantconservation.org">APWG@lists.plantconservation.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/apwg_lists.plantconservation.org">http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/apwg_lists.plantconservation.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Disclaimer
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;">Any requests, advice or
opinions posted to this list reflect
ONLY the opinion of the individual posting the message.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<pre wrap="">
<hr size="4" width="90%">
_______________________________________________
PCA's Alien Plant Working Group mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:APWG@lists.plantconservation.org">APWG@lists.plantconservation.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/apwg_lists.plantconservation.org">http://lists.plantconservation.org/mailman/listinfo/apwg_lists.plantconservation.org</a>
Disclaimer
Any requests, advice or opinions posted to this list reflect ONLY the opinion of the individual posting the message.</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Holly Sletteland
Preserve Manager
Morro Coast Audubon Society
P.O. Box 1507
Morro Bay, CA 93443
Phone: (805) 239-3928
</pre>
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