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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Last May it took one person only five 8
hour days to hand remove <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>all invasive plants for 100 acres of Swann
park. This included all <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>specimens of both juvenile and adult
garlic mustard. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>In response to the point about: </span></font><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>“The Director of our local Nature Conservancy told me
that he could <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>spend 90% of his entire budget for the next three years,
attempting to <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>eradicate roadside garlic mustard with the only certain
outcome that <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>he would have to start all over again in 3 years.” <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>He would not have to start
over in three years if he spent about 10 % <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>of his budget in year 4, about
5 % in year 5 and about 2 % in year 6. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Garlic mustard in <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Swann</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
was originally overwhelming in 2001. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>A Report on the Progress of Invasive Plant Control Program<font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'>,</span></font> 2007 <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on"><font size=4
face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Maryland</span></font></st1:State></st1:place><font
size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'> Native
Plant Society, Anacostia Watershed Society and <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font size=4
face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Maryland</span></font></st1:place></st1:State><font
size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'> Chapter of
the Sierra Club Habitat Stewardship Committee <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Non-native invasive species of plants such as English Ivy, Japanese
<font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Stiltgrass and Kudzu are covering the natural areas that we
in the <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>conservation movement have worked so hard to protect from
habitat <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>destruction, erosion and water pollution. Just as we
are making progress <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>on wetlands, stream bank stabilization, and endangered
species, these <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>plants from other parts of the world have typically covered
20-90% of <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>the surface area of our forests, streams and meadows. Many
of us <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>feel demoralized and powerless to combat these invaders that
have <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>few natural herbivores or other controls. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>The <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Maryland</st1:place></st1:State>
Native Plant Society, Anacostia Watershed Society <font color=navy><span
style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>and Sierra Club are establishing a program to provide local
groups <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>and public and private landowners with several models to
draw upon <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>in the region. We are assisting in developing a major 5 year
work <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>effort at each site to remove massive populations of about a
dozen <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>species. Regular stewardship projects are conducted in all
seasons <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>including winter, early spring, late spring, summer, and
late summer. <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>This high-intensity program is followed by a low-intensity
annual <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>maintenance program to eliminate plants we have missed,
plants <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>emerging from the seed bank, and occasional plants migrating
in <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>from neighboring areas. We announce regular monthly projects
<font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>at over 60 sites in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State></st1:place>
almost all of which were initially started <font color=navy><span
style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>as a result of on-the-ground workshops conducted by current <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>MNPS members in <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Charles</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceName w:st="on">County</st1:PlaceName> and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Montgomery</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">County</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.
<font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>The Nature Conservancy has also conducted projects on
natural <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>areas for many years. MNPS and the Sierra Club sponsor the <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>monthly projects at <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Chapman</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Forest</st1:PlaceType> (800 acres), <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Swann</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
<font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>(200 acres) and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Greenbelt</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">National Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> (1.5 square
miles). <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>They co-sponsor Little Paint Branch Park (150 acres) and <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><font
size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Cherry
Hill</span></font></st1:PlaceName><font size=4 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Road</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Community</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Park</st1:PlaceType></span></font></st1:place><font
size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'> (15 acres)
removals in <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Beltsville and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Magruder</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> in Hyattsville MD
(15 acres) <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>with the Anacostia Watershed Society and provide
considerable <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>assistance to the other projects. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>These sites serve as a visible example of what can be
accomplished. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>The biggest challenge is to ensure that in subsequent years
all <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>the successful projects are carried on by responsible
entities. <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Our advice to others considering similar projects are to
recognize <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>that restoration of our native ecosystem is realistic but
requires an <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>appropriate level of work effort. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Many of us have done extensive surveys of this area and find
that <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>at least 80% of the natural areas are salvageable with a
combination <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>of mechanical and carefully targeted chemical control and no
<font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>requirement for re-vegetation. The natives return on their
own <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>since they initially covered the majority of the surface
area. We <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>remove all the class 1 and class 2 exotic species, typically
<font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>5-20 species, because otherwise if you just eradicate one <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>exotic another one may replace the one removed. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Our policy is to use carefully targeted, biodegradable
herbicides <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>in natural areas, such as glyphosate and triclopyr, that do
not <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>migrate through the soil to other plants. Instead of
spraying <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>invasive trees such as <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Ailanthus</st1:City>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Norway</st1:country-region></st1:place> Maple,
and Chinese <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Privet we inject concentrated herbicide into the tree either
by <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>basal bark, hack and squirt or cut stump. Seedlings are easy
<font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>to hand pull. We wait for wet soil after a rain to hand
pull, first <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>loosening with a garden tool such as a 4 prong spading fork <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>so the center of the plant rises perceptively. At the 200
acre <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><font
size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Swann</span></font></st1:PlaceName><font
size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">Park</st1:PlaceType></span></font></st1:place><font size=4
face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'>, where we are
essentially in maintenance phase <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>after 7 years<font color=navy><span style='color:navy'>.</span></font>
17 of the 19 non-native species are eradicated <font color=navy><span
style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>or nearly so. Only Japanese Stiltgrass and Garlic Mustard <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>remain serious. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>All the methods, techniques and/or findings of these
projects <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>can be used where the initial cover of non-native invasive <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>species is less than 30% of the total plant cover and
adequately <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>where under 70% cover. At higher percent coverage the <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>chemical component is more overwhelming and native plant <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>re-vegetation may be necessary with native species that are <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>not cultivars and are obtained from the wild or from nursery
<font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>stocks originally collected locally in the wild. There are
several <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>well researched species mixes that include 12-16 herbaceous <font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>and shrub species including nitrogen fixers. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:PersonName w:st="on"><font size=4 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Marc</span></font></st1:PersonName><font
size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'> Imlay , PhD
Conservation biologist, Anacostia Watershed Society <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>301-699-6204, 301-283-0808<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Board member of the Mid-Atlantic Exotic Pest Plant Council, <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Hui o Laka at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Kokee
State Park</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">Hawaii</st1:State></st1:place> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Vice president of the Maryland Native Plant Society, <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Chair of the Biodiversity and Habitat Stewardship Committee <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>for the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State></st1:place>
Chapter of the Sierra Club. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Remember our five year goal: It is considered standard that
such <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>invasive plant removal projects are normally done throughout
the <font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>region, the nation, and the world. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>-----Original Message-----<br>
From: apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org
[mailto:apwg-bounces@lists.plantconservation.org] On Behalf Of Bob Beyfuss<br>
Sent: Friday, September 12, 2008 10:15 AM<br>
To: Michael Schenk; <st1:PersonName w:st="on">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</st1:PersonName><br>
Subject: Re: [APWG] Invaders<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Hi All<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>There is no question that globalization has dramatically
accelerated the <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>spread of invasive species but I really do not see any
possibility at all <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>of that situation changing in the future. In fact, it is
likely to become <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>much worse in the next few decades. The question that
arises, is how do we <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>react? I don't think that simply declaring
"war" on all invasive species <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>anywhere they occur and at whatever rate of infestation is
the answer. The <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>older I get, the less convinced I am that war is the answer
for most of our <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>problems. I would prefer a more thoughtful approach
targeting protection <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>of specific and highly sensitive ecosystems instead of ill
advised <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>eradication programs that are doomed to failure before they
begin. The <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Director of our local Nature Conservancy told me that he
could spend 90% of <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>his entire budget for the next three years, attempting to
eradicate <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>roadside garlic mustard with the only certain outcome that
he would have to <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>start all over again in 3 years. When I see eradication
programs conducted <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>in highly disturbed urban environments I wonder if the cost
justifies the <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>temporary results. Ultimately, the disturbances that led to
the invasions <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>remain and often the results of widespread herbicide
applications only <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>insure that the problem. Unless the entity that is applying
any herbicide <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>against invasives can reasonably predict that the outcome of
that <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>application will result in the desired reestablishment of
the plant <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>community it is designed to protect, I question the action.
In simple <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>terms, killing invasive plants simply because "they are
there" with no real <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>clue as to what will follow, is bad policy.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Bob<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>At 11:49 AM 9/11/2008, Michael Schenk wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Bob, thanks for the article.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>This article contains an excellent summary of the
unprecedented threat of <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>the modern spread of invasive species: the vastly
accelerated rate of <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>invasion, coupled with the stress placed on ecosystems by
induced rapid <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>changes. Read through to the latter part, past the feel-good
stuff about <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>the fossil record. Of course the fossil record doesn't
contain anything <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>comparable. There was no highly mobile technological species
imposing <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>geological rates of change in decades as opposed to millions
of years.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Change in species diversity and ranges happens constantly.
It's the rate <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>of change which is worrisome. The rate of change from a
major asteroid <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>strike, scaled in weeks or years, is more similar to the
current rate of <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>change than the megayears we'll find in the fossil record.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Mike<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Message: 1<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2008 14:53:13 -0400<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>From: Bob Beyfuss <rlb14@cornell.edu><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Subject: [APWG] Fwd: Friendly Invaders<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>To: <st1:PersonName w:st="on">apwg@lists.plantconservation.org</st1:PersonName><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Message-ID:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>6.2.1.2.2.20080910145256.051d6008@postoffice8.mail.cornell.edu><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.2.5.6<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Date: Tue, 09 Sep 2008 08:57:20 -0400<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>NY Times<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>September 9, 2008<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Friendly Invaders<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>By <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?ppds=bylL&v1=CARL
>>>ZIMMER&fdq=199 <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>60101&td=sysdate&sort=newest&ac=CARL<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>ZIMMER&inline=nyt-per>CARL ZIMMER<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font
size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'>New
Zealand</span></font></st1:place></st1:country-region><font size=4
face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial'> is home to 2,065
native plants found nowhere else on Earth.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>They range from magnificent towering kauri trees to tiny
flowers that<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>form tightly packed mounds called vegetable sheep.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>When Europeans began arriving in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:country-region></st1:place>, they brought with them<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>alien plants ? crops, garden plants and stowaway weeds.
Today, 22,000<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>non-native plants grow in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Most of them can
survive only with<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>the loving care of gardeners and farmers. But 2,069 have
become<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>naturalized: they have spread out across the islands on
their own. There<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>are more naturalized invasive plant species in <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:place></st1:country-region>
than native <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>species.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>It sounds like the makings of an ecological disaster: an
epidemic of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>invasive species that wipes out the delicate native species
in its path.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>But in a paper published in August in The<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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