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<p align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt;text-align:center'><b><font size=4
color="#396260" face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;
color:#396260;font-weight:bold'>Wavyleaf Basketgrass Moves in Waves
through Maryland Forests<br>
</span></font></b><b><i><font size=4 color="#5b005b"><span
style='font-size:13.5pt;color:#5B005B;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Have
You Seen It?</span></font></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt;text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><br>
<img width=400 height=299 id="_x0000_i1025"
src="cid:image001.jpg@01C80AA1.44CC47F0"
alt="A spreading invader -- everything on the ground plane is wavyleaf, photo by Kerrie Kyde"
align=middle border=1><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt;text-align:center'><b><font size=4
color="#396260" face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;
color:#396260;font-weight:bold'>Attention Citizen Scientists!<br>
Help Control Wavyleaf Basketgrass<br>
</span></font></b><b><font size=4 color="#5b005b"><span style='font-size:
13.5pt;color:#5B005B;font-weight:bold'>If you have seen this NEW and
Highly Invasive Species,<br>
</span></font></b><b><font size=4 color="#396260"><span style='font-size:
13.5pt;color:#396260;font-weight:bold'><a
href="mailto:kkyde@dnr.state.md.us">Report Your Sightings</a></span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Typical growth habit of wavyleaf basketgrass, photo by John Snitzer"
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src="cid:image002.jpg@01C80AA1.44CC47F0" align=left
alt="Typical growth habit of wavyleaf basketgrass, photo by John Snitzer"
border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_s1026"><![endif]><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Two small
populations of a Eurasian grass never previously found in the <st1:country-region
w:st="on">US</st1:country-region> were discovered in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Patapsco</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">State Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
by sharp-eyed botanists in 1996. Smithsonian Institution and
international experts confirmed its identity as an exotic subspecies of a
grass that is native to sub-tropical and tropical regions, including the
southeastern coast of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>The native grasses are Basketgrass (<i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Oplismenus hirtellus</span></i>) and its
related native subspecies Bristle Basketgrass (<em><i><font
face="Times New Roman">Oplismenus hirtellus</font></i></em> ssp. <em><i><font
face="Times New Roman">setarius)</font></i></em>. The exotic
subspecies is Wavyleaf basketgrass (<i><span style='font-style:italic'>Oplismenus
hirtellus</span></i> ssp. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>undulatifolius</span></i>).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>In 2000, a private consulting ecologist found
this grass by a wooded stream on the property of the Hernwood Landfill in
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Baltimore</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">County</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. Last year this
shade-tolerant moist forest grass turned up more than 20 miles away in
Little Paint Branch Park in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Prince
George</st1:City></st1:place>’s County, where is it being
actively removed by groups of volunteers. During this dry summer,
this fast-moving grass was one of the few plants obvious on the forest
floor, and now that fall has arrived, it is blooming and producing seed.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Wavyleaf basketgrass is a striking grass. It is
a low-lying, trailing perennial grass, branching and rooting at nodes
along creeping stems called stolons. The leaf blades are flat,
about ½ to 1" wide and between 1½ and 4” long, deep green with
rippling waves across the grass blades, as though the tide were coming
into shore along the leaves. They have elongated pointed tips. The leaf
sheaths and stems are noticeably hairy, although the hairs are very
short. This characteristic distinguishes it from its closest relative <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Oplismenus hirtellus </span></i>ssp.<i><span
style='font-style:italic'> setarius</span></i>, which occurs naturally in
the southeastern US and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Mexico</st1:country-region></st1:place>
and has only a few hairs, if any. When it blooms, in late September
and into October, the grass spikelets have glumes (lower bracts) with
very long awns (extended pointed tips). The awns produce a sticky
substance that allows the grass seed to adhere to passing animals and so
disperse.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><img border=0 width=310 height=234
id="_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image004.jpg@01C80AA1.44CC47F0"
alt="A group of Oplsimenus flowers (inflorescence) showing the sticky purplish awns that help distribute the seeds"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt;text-align:center'><b><font size=4
color="#396260" face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;
color:#396260;font-weight:bold'>If you walk, run, bicycle, horseback ride
or pass through a patch of this grass right now, <br>
the seeds will stick to your pants, boots and vehicle and can be moved
to new <br>
uninvaded locations (see photo below). Please take precautions.</span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_s1028"><![endif]><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>It is unclear how
Wavyleaf basketgrass first came to the <st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region>
and to <st1:State w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State>, although it is possible
that the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Baltimore</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">County</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> landfill was
the unwitting source of the natural area infestation, spreading from
hanging basket plantings that someone threw away. Variegated
varieties of the related <i><span style='font-style:italic'>O. hirtellus</span></i>
‘Variegatus’ are sold ornamentally as “Ribbon
grass” or “Basket grass,” but the wavyleaf subspecies
does not seem to be sold in the horticultural trade. It does appear to
spread rapidly through wooded natural areas: the Little Paint Branch
pockets of infestation add up to about 3 acres, and in sections of <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Patapsco</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">Valley</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">State Park</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>,
the grass covers more than 150 acres.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>DNR has begun to map the extent of the
infestation, and is taking steps to limit the spread of this invasive
grass. If you hike, bike, horseback ride, or simply walk your dog in <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State></st1:place> forests,
especially in moist forests along waterways, please keep an eye out for
this grass. If you think you have seen it, please let us know where and
how much of it there is (a few plants, patches, groundcover
carpets). Digital pictures, especially close-ups, of the plant are
extremely helpful for identification purposes. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Photographs courtesy of Kerrie Kyde and John
Snitzer</span></font></b></strong><b><span style='font-weight:bold'><br>
<strong><b><font face="Times New Roman">(top to botom):</font></b></strong></span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>A spreading invader -- everything on the
ground plane is wavyleaf basketgrass<o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Typical growth habit of wavyleaf
basketgrass<o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Wavyleaf basketgrass foliage<o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>A group of <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Oplsimenus</span></i>
flowers (inflorescence) showing the sticky purplish awns that help
distribute the seeds<o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>A built-in distribution system: a
researcher's pant legs are covered with awns and seeds<o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="100%" valign=top style='width:100.0%;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>
<p align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt;text-align:center'><b><font size=4
color="#396260" face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;
color:#396260;font-weight:bold'>Attention Citizen Scientists!<br>
Help Control Wavyleaf Basketgrass<br>
</span></font></b><b><font size=4 color="#5b005b"><span style='font-size:
13.5pt;color:#5B005B;font-weight:bold'>If you have seen this NEW and
Highly Invasive Species,<br>
</span></font></b><b><font size=4 color="#396260"><span style='font-size:
13.5pt;color:#396260;font-weight:bold'><a
href="mailto:kkyde@dnr.state.md.us">Report Your Sightings</a></span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt'><a name="#info"><b><font size=4 color="#396260"
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:#396260;
font-weight:bold'>For More Information</span></font></b></a><b><font
size=4 color="#396260"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:#396260;
font-weight:bold'> </span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>For questions or comments, or if you have seen
this grass, please contact: <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Kerrie Kyde, Invasive Plant Specialist <br>
<a href="mailto:kkyde@dnr.state.md.us">kkyde@dnr.state.md.us</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Phone: 410-260-8534 <br>
You can reach us toll free in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State></st1:place>:
1-877-620-8DNR (8367)<br>
TTY users dial 711<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:7.5pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Department of Natural Resources<br>
Wildlife and Heritage Service<br>
580 Taylor Ave. E-1 <br>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Annapolis</st1:City>, <st1:State
w:st="on">MD</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode w:st="on">21401</st1:PostalCode></st1:place>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><a
href="http://www.dnr.state.md.us/mailroom.html">Email us</a> with
questions, comments, and suggestions.<br>
© Copyright 1995-2004 Maryland Department of Natural Resources.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=1
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This page up-dated October 01, 2007<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=2
color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/wl_basketgrass.asp<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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