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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
14.0pt'>Dear Ailanthus weed busters. Can anyone help Tom network for his
graduate work. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
14.0pt'>Are the fungi native or non-native? What is their origin? Thanks.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Marc Imlay, PhD <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Conservation biologist,
Anacostia Watershed Society <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>(301-699-6204, 301-283-0808
301-442-5657 cell)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Board member of the
Mid-Atlantic Exotic Pest Plant Council, <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Hui o Laka at <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Kokee State Park</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">Hawaii</st1:State></st1:place>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Vice president of the
Maryland Native Plant Society, <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Chair of the
Biodiversity and Habitat Stewardship Committee <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>for the <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Maryland</st1:State></st1:place> Chapter of the
Sierra Club <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>From: Richard Gardner
[mailto:rtgardner3@yahoo.com] <br>
Sent: Monday, March 05, 2007 6:30 PM<br>
To: Marc Imlay; Marc Imlay<br>
Subject: LETTER<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>Marc,<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'> I hope this works.
Thanks.<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>
Tom<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>I am a grad student researching
biocontol of <em><i><font face="Times New Roman">Ailanthus altissima</font></i></em>
at the <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Maryland</st1:PlaceName>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">College
Park</st1:City></st1:place>. I have locally seen sapling death caused
by wilt, terminal death of branches and proportionally large lesionson the
trunks/branches of trees. If you have seen similar, please drop me a note
so I can get samples to identify the pathogen responsible. Thanks.<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>
Tom Gardner<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>
<a href="mailto:rtgardner3@yahoo.com">rtgardner3@yahoo.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'><br>
<br>
Richard Gardner<br>
410.726.3045 (cell)<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> Richard Gardner
[mailto:rtgardner3@yahoo.com] <br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Friday, January 26, 2007
7:38 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> Marc Imlay; Marc Imlay; David
C. Straney; Pat Kangas<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> article on my research</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> Attached is one of two articles on my research. I have the
other one, by Jay Stipes, in my hand.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> Saturday, I plan to take a couple of core specimens from one of
the lesions from an infected tree on campus and a sample of the cambium
from the edge of the lesion to plate. My guess from my reading
is that the fungi I am looking for reside in the vascular cambium. If
what I read yesterday is true, once infection starts, it shoots up the tree at
an incredible rate. From my own observations, the young trees (1-2
year old) tend to die with the terminal bud on the sapling dying first.
An interesting question I will pursue is to find out if the
lesions on the mature trees are caused by the same fungus as the one infecting
the saplings. I may go back to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Urbana</st1:City></st1:place>
in the next week or so to look closer at the mature trees. Something I
read in the literature tends to suggest that vascular wilts need young tissue
to grow in and will give two different sets of symptoms depending on if the tree
is a sapling or mature. If this holds true, it limits the pathogens I am
looking at.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> An interesting correlation between the literature and field
observations is that a heterogeneous stand of plants prevents the spread of an
endophytic soil pathothgen. In the field, I see infected monocultural
stands and uninfected single trees.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> The plates look good. Right now, I have 16 samples and 2
controls plated. Several of these samples are on their second culturing
to purify the colonies. Then it is onto slants. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> From a description of <em><i><font face="Times New Roman">Fusarium
oxysporum</font></i></em> wilts in the literature, it appears that this is what
I have growing. I am also doing a comparison between infected or dead
trees and uninfected live ones.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> I am switching to potato dextrose agar entirely, giving up the
maltose agar because it does not produce as good a set of results. I also
gained access to small amounts of a few other types of agars and will try them,
including yeast extract.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> If my observations continue in the direction they are
going, <em><i><font face="Times New Roman">A. altissima</font></i></em> is an
excellent example of a plant's strengths also being its weaknesses. Fast
growth means mostly vertical vascularity with little horizontal
structure. This means that a wilt will have ample opportunity to go from
the root to the terminal buds (apical meristem?) very swiftly. At the
same time, monocultural stands of clones offer no barriers to
a wilt, facilitating its spread throughout the whole stand
killing all the members of that stand.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> Seeds should be arriving shortly. (Amazingly, Ailanthus seeds
are still available comercially.) I have a method from Jay Stipes' short
article for Koch's postulates.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> For now, I have found bench space in one of the teaching prep
labs in H.J. Patterson.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> There is plenty of literature on various varieties of <em><i><font
face="Times New Roman">F. oxysporum</font></i></em> in the USDA database.
However, I am not having the same luck with Verticellum. Tomorrow or
thereabouts, I will drop a note to Cornell in this regard.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>
Tom Gardner<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><br>
<br>
Richard Gardner<br>
410.726.3045 (cell)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=5 cellpadding=0 width="98%"
style='width:98.0%'>
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Biocontrol Science and Technology <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width=20 style='width:15.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Publisher:
<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Taylor & Francis <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><b><font size=1
face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Issue:
<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
</td>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Volume 16, Number 6 / 2006 <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Pages:
<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
</td>
<td width="100%" style='width:100.0%;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>547 - 566 <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><b><font size=1
face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>DOI:
<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
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<td width="100%" style='width:100.0%;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>10.1080/09583150500531909 <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Assessing potential biological control of
the invasive plant, tree-of-heaven, <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Ailanthusaltissima</span></i></span></font></b><font
size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Jianqing Ding <sup>A1</sup>, Yun Wu <sup>A2</sup>, Hao
Zheng <sup>A1</sup>, Weidong Fu <sup>A1</sup>, Richard Reardon <sup>A2</sup>,
Min Liu <sup>A1</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><sup><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>A1</span></font></sup> Institute of Biological Control,
<u2:PlaceName u3:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Chinese</st1:PlaceName> <u2:PlaceType u3:st="on"><st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">Academy</st1:PlaceType> of Agricultural Sciences, <u2:place u3:st="on"><u2:City u3:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Beijing</st1:City></st1:place></u2:City></st1:City>,
P.R. China<br>
<sup>A2</sup> Forest Health Technology <u2:City u3:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Enterprise</st1:City> Team, <u2:PlaceName u3:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">USDA</st1:PlaceName> <u2:PlaceType u3:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Forest</st1:PlaceType>
Service, <u2:place u3:st="on"><u2:City u3:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Morgantown</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on"><u2:State u3:st="on">WV</st1:State>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><u2:country-region u3:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place></st1:State></st1:place><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Abstract:</span></font></b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Tree-of-heaven, <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Ailanthusaltissima,</span></i>
is a deciduous tree indigenous to <u2:country-region u3:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">China</u2:country-region></st1:country-region> and introduced into
North America and <u2:place u3:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Europe</u2:place></st1:place>.
It is a serious threat to ecosystems in introduced areas, as the plant is
very competitive, and also contains allelopathic chemicals that may inhibit
growth of surrounding native plants. In addition, the plant contains secondary
chemicals that make it unpalatable to some insects. In this paper we assess
potential biological control of this plant by reviewing literature associated
with natural enemies of the plant from both its native and introduced regions
in the world. Our literature surveys revealed that 46 phytophagous
arthropods, 16 fungi, and one potyvirus were reported attacking
tree-of-heaven<i><span style='font-style:italic'>,</span></i> some apparently
causing significant damage in <u2:place u3:st="on"><u2:country-region u3:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
Two weevils, <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Eucryptorrhynchus brandti</span></i>
and <i><span style='font-style:italic'>E. chinensis</span></i>, are major
pests of the plant in <u2:place u3:st="on"><u2:country-region u3:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>
and are reportedly restricted to tree-of-heaven<i><span style='font-style:
italic'>,</span></i> showing promise as potential biological control agents.
Nymphs and adults of a homopteran insect, <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Lycorma
delicatula</span></i> and larvae of two lepidopteran species, <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Samia cynthia</span></i> and <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Eligma narcissus</span></i>, may also cause severe
damage, but they are not host specific. Two rust fungi, <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Aecidium ailanthi</span></i> J. Y. Zhuan sp. nov.
and <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Coleosporium</span></i> sp. have been
reported on tree-of-heaven in <u2:place u3:st="on"><u2:country-region u3:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>
and are also promising potential candidates for biological control of the
plant. Nine insect herbivores and 68 fungi are associated with tree-of-heaven
in its introduced range in North America, Europe, and <u2:place u3:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Asia</u2:place></st1:place>. An oligophagous insect native to <u2:place u3:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">North America</u2:place></st1:place>, the ailanthus webworm, <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Atteva punctella</span></i>, may be a potential
biocontrol agent for the plant. Among the fungal species, <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Fusarium osysporum</span></i> f. sp. <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>perniciosum</span></i>, caused wilt of
tree-of-heaven in <u2:place u3:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">North America</u2:place></st1:place>
and may have the potential to control the plant, but its non-target effect
should be carefully evaluated. Our review indicates that there is potential
for using insects or pathogens to control tree-of-heaven.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=1
face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Keywords:</span></font></b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Biological control of weeds, <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>Ailanthus altissima</span></i>, invasive plant, <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Eucryptorrhynchus brandti</span></i>, <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Eucryptorrhynchus chinensis</span></i>, <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Atteva punctella</span></i> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
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</table>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><br>
The author’s field research leads him to believe that Ailanthus altissima
is dying in <st1:place w:st="on">North America</st1:place> due to a mixture of
insect herbivory and pathogenic endophytic fungal infections. The author believes
that there are many insect species using <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Ailanthus
altissima</span></i> as an energy source and at least two fungal species
infecting the plant. Field observation in Maryland, anecdotal evidence
and one article from <font color=blue><span style='color:blue'>New York City</span></font>
and work done by <font color=blue><span style='color:blue'>Jay Stipes in
Virginia</span></font> further leads the author to believe that the rate of
fungal infection is enough to either control or eradicate <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Ailanthus altissima</span></i> from North
America. Additionally, the <i><font color=blue><span style='color:blue;
font-style:italic'>Ailanthus</span></font></i><font color=blue><span
style='color:blue'> webworm, <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Atecva punctata</span></i>,</span></font>
appears to be a significant herbivore on <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Ailanthus
altissima</span></i> leaves.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>To this time the following pathogens and herbivores
have been identified for Ailanthus altissima:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>fungus: Verticillium wilt <i><span style='font-style:italic'>(Verticillium
albo-atrum), Verticillium dahliae</span></i>, Shoestring root rot <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>(Armillaria mellea)</span></i>, Phymatotrichum root
rot <i><span style='font-style:italic'>(Phymatotrichum omnivorum),</span></i> <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Cristulariella moricola,</span></i> <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Cristulariella pyramidalis</span></i>, <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Fusarium oxysporum</span></i>, <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Botryosphaeria obtuse, Botryosphaeria rhodina,
Cerrena unicolor, Nectria cinnabrina</span></i> and <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>Ganoderma applanatum.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>The insects are: Ailanthus web-worm (Atteva
punctella), cynthia moth (Samia Cynthia, Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera
castanea), Atteva fabricella and Placosphaeria spp. (Magnani 1975).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><u><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-weight:bold'>References<o:p></o:p></span></font></u></b></p>
<ol start=1 type=1>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Pirone, P. P. 1959. Tree maintenance, 3d ed.
Oxford University Press, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New
York</st1:State></st1:place>. 436 p. <o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Baker, Whiteford L. 1972. Eastern forest insects.
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region></st1:place>
Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication 1175. <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Washington</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">DC</st1:State></st1:place>.
642 p. <o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Goor, A. Y., and C. W. Barney. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">1968.</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Forest</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
tree planting in arid zones. Ronald Press, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State
w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>. 409 p. <o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Wright, Ernest, and H. R. Wells. 1948. Tests on
the adaptability of trees and shrubs to shelterbelt planting on certain <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Phymatotrichum </span></i>root rot infested
soils in <st1:State w:st="on">Oklahoma</st1:State> and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State
w:st="on">Texas</st1:State></st1:place>. Journal of Forestry 46:256-262. <o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
</ol>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Misra, R.
M. 1978. A mermithid parasite of Attera fabricella. Indian Forester
104(2):133-134. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>French,
W. J. 1972. Cristulariella pyramidalis in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State
w:st="on">Florida</st1:State></st1:place>: an extension of range and new
hosts. Plant Disease Report 56(2): 135-138. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Magnani 1975<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=3 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Stipes, R.J. 1995. A tree grows in <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Virginia</st1:State></st1:place>. <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Va.</st1:State></st1:place> J. Sci. 46:105.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=3 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Feret, P.P. 1985. Ailanthus:
Variation, cultivation, and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=3 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>frustration. J. Arboric.
11(12):361–368.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><u><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>The Handbook of American Fungi<o:p></o:p></span></font></u></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><u><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Diseases of Trees and Shrubs<o:p></o:p></span></font></u></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><u><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Insects Which Feed on Trees and Shrubs<o:p></o:p></span></font></u></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
14.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
14.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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